2-Cyanopyridine is a white to off-white solid at room temperature with almond like odour. It is derived from Alpha Picoline. The molecular formula of 2-Cyanopyridine is C6H4N2, the molecular weight is 104.11, the melting point is 26-28?C, the boiling point is 212~215?C, the flash point is 89?C, the density is 1.081, and it is insoluble in water.
This report contains market size and forecasts of 2-Cyanopyridine in global, including the following market information:
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (MT)
Global top five 2-Cyanopyridine companies in 2021 (%)
The global 2-Cyanopyridine market was valued at US$ 81 million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 90 million by 2028, at a CAGR of 1.6% during the forecast period 2022-2028.
Global 2-cyanopyridine key players include Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical, Koei Chemical, Vertellus, Jubilant Life Sciences, Hebei Yanuo Chemical, etc. Global top 3 manufacturers hold a share about 80%.
China is the largest market, with a share over 45%, followed by Japan and USA both have a share about 45 percent.
In terms of product, industrial grade is the largest segment, with a share over 85%. And in terms of application, the largest application is pesticides, followed by pharmaceutical intermediates, dye intermediates, etc.
Publisher has surveyed the 2-Cyanopyridine manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
Pharmaceutical Grade
Industrial Grade
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
Pesticides
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Dye Intermediates
Others
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies 2-Cyanopyridine revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies 2-Cyanopyridine revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)
Key companies 2-Cyanopyridine sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (MT)
Key companies 2-Cyanopyridine sales share in global market, 2021 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical
Koei Chemical
Vertellus
Jubilant Ingrevia
Hebei Yanuo Chemical
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 2-Cyanopyridine Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 2-Cyanopyridine Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 2-Cyanopyridine Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 2-Cyanopyridine Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers 2-Cyanopyridine Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Cyanopyridine Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 2-Cyanopyridine Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Cyanopyridine Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Pharmaceutical Grade
4.1.3 Industrial Grade
4.2 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Pesticides
5.1.3 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
5.1.4 Dye Intermediates
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical
7.1.1 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical Business Overview
7.1.3 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical Key News
7.2 Koei Chemical
7.2.1 Koei Chemical Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Koei Chemical Business Overview
7.2.3 Koei Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Koei Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Koei Chemical Key News
7.3 Vertellus
7.3.1 Vertellus Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Vertellus Business Overview
7.3.3 Vertellus 2-Cyanopyridine Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Vertellus 2-Cyanopyridine Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Vertellus Key News
7.4 Jubilant Ingrevia
7.4.1 Jubilant Ingrevia Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Jubilant Ingrevia Business Overview
7.4.3 Jubilant Ingrevia 2-Cyanopyridine Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Jubilant Ingrevia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Jubilant Ingrevia Key News
7.5 Hebei Yanuo Chemical
7.5.1 Hebei Yanuo Chemical Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Hebei Yanuo Chemical Business Overview
7.5.3 Hebei Yanuo Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Hebei Yanuo Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Hebei Yanuo Chemical Key News
8 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 2-Cyanopyridine Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 2-Cyanopyridine Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 2-Cyanopyridine Industry Value Chain
10.2 2-Cyanopyridine Upstream Market
10.3 2-Cyanopyridine Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 2-Cyanopyridine Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of 2-Cyanopyridine in Global Market
Table 2. Top 2-Cyanopyridine Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales by Companies, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 2-Cyanopyridine Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 2-Cyanopyridine Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 2-Cyanopyridine Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Cyanopyridine Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 47. Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Product Offerings
Table 48. Nantong Acetic Acid Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Koei Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 50. Koei Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Product Offerings
Table 51. Koei Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Vertellus Corporate Summary
Table 53. Vertellus 2-Cyanopyridine Product Offerings
Table 54. Vertellus 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Jubilant Ingrevia Corporate Summary
Table 56. Jubilant Ingrevia 2-Cyanopyridine Product Offerings
Table 57. Jubilant Ingrevia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Hebei Yanuo Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 59. Hebei Yanuo Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Product Offerings
Table 60. Hebei Yanuo Chemical 2-Cyanopyridine Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 61. 2-Cyanopyridine Production Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (MT)
Table 62. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 63. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production by Region, 2017-2022 (MT)
Table 64. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production by Region, 2023-2028 (MT)
Table 65. 2-Cyanopyridine Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 66. 2-Cyanopyridine Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 67. 2-Cyanopyridine Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 68. 2-Cyanopyridine Raw Materials
Table 69. 2-Cyanopyridine Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 70. Typical 2-Cyanopyridine Downstream
Table 71. 2-Cyanopyridine Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 72. 2-Cyanopyridine Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. 2-Cyanopyridine Segment by Type
Figure 2. 2-Cyanopyridine Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 2-Cyanopyridine Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Cyanopyridine Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE 2-Cyanopyridine Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global 2-Cyanopyridine Production Capacity (MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production 2-Cyanopyridine by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. 2-Cyanopyridine Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels