The Adenosine market has witnessed growth from USD XX million to USD XX million from 2017 to 2022. With the CAGR of X.X%, this market is estimated to reach USD XX million in 2029.
The report focuses on the Adenosine market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides detailed cost analysis, supply chain.
Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, making it more widely used in downstream applications. Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the Adenosine market.
Key players in the global Adenosine market covered in Chapter 2 and Chapter 6:
Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical
Meihua Group
Aceto Corporation
Yamasa
Nantong Sane Biological
Tuoxin Group
In Chapter 8 and Chapter 10.3, based on types, the Adenosine market from 2017 to 2029 is primarily split into:
>=99% Adenosine
<99% Adenosine
In Chapter 9 and Chapter 10.4, based on applications, the Adenosine market from 2017 to 2029 covers:
Hospitals
Medical centers
Private Clinics/Doctors
Geographically, the report includes the research on production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, and forecast (2017 -2029) of the following regions:
United States
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland)
China
Japan
India
Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)
Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria)
Other Regions
Chapter 1 provides an overview of Adenosine market, containing global revenue and CAGR. The forecast and analysis of Adenosine market by type, application, and region are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 is about the market landscape and major players. It provides competitive situation and market concentration status along with the basic information of these players.
Chapter 3 introduces the industrial chain of Adenosine. Industrial chain analysis, raw material (suppliers, price, supply and demand, market concentration rate) and downstream buyers are analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 concentrates on manufacturing analysis, including cost structure analysis and process analysis, making up a comprehensive analysis of manufacturing cost.
Chapter 5 provides clear insights into market dynamics, the influence of COVID-19 in Adenosine industry, consumer behavior analysis.
Chapter 6 provides a full-scale analysis of major players in Adenosine industry. The basic information, as well as the profiles, applications and specifications of products market performance along with Business Overview are offered.
Chapter 7 pays attention to the sales, revenue, price and gross margin of Adenosine in markets of different regions. The analysis on sales, revenue, price and gross margin of the global market is covered in this part.
Chapter 8 gives a worldwide view of Adenosine market. It includes sales, revenue, price, market share and the growth rate by type.
Chapter 9 focuses on the application of Adenosine, by analyzing the consumption and its growth rate of each application.
Chapter 10 prospects the whole Adenosine market, including the global sales and revenue forecast, regional forecast. It also foresees the Adenosine market by type and application.
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2017-2021
Base Year: 2021
Estimated Year: 2022
Forecast Period: 2022-2029
Table of Content
1 Adenosine Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Adenosine
1.2 Adenosine Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Adenosine Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029)
1.2.2 The Market Profile of >=99% Adenosine
1.2.3 The Market Profile of <99% Adenosine
1.3 Global Adenosine Segment by Application
1.3.1 Adenosine Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
1.3.2 The Market Profile of Hospitals
1.3.3 The Market Profile of Medical centers
1.3.4 The Market Profile of Private Clinics/Doctors
1.4 Global Adenosine Market, Region Wise (2017-2022)
1.4.1 Global Adenosine Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2017-2022)
1.4.2 United States Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3 Europe Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.1 Germany Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.2 UK Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.3 France Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.4 Italy Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.5 Spain Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.6 Russia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.7 Poland Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.4 China Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.5 Japan Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.6 India Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.1 Malaysia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.2 Singapore Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.3 Philippines Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.4 Indonesia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.5 Thailand Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.6 Vietnam Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8 Latin America Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.1 Brazil Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.2 Mexico Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.3 Colombia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.3 Turkey Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.4 Egypt Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.5 South Africa Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.6 Nigeria Adenosine Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size of Adenosine (2017-2029)
1.5.1 Global Adenosine Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.5.2 Global Adenosine Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
2 Global Adenosine Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global Adenosine Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Adenosine Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Adenosine Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Adenosine Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
2.5 Adenosine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.6 Adenosine Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Adenosine Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Adenosine Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Adenosine Upstream and Downstream Analysis
3.1 Adenosine Industrial Chain Analysis
3.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
3.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
3.4 Manufacturing Process Analysis
3.5 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.6 Downstream Buyers
3.7 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
4 Adenosine Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4.2 Adenosine Key Raw Materials Cost Analysis
4.2.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction
4.2.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Labor Cost Analysis
4.3.1 Labor Cost of Adenosine Under COVID-19
4.4 Energy Costs Analysis
4.5 R&D Costs Analysis
5 Market Dynamics
5.1 Drivers
5.2 Restraints and Challenges
5.3 Opportunities
5.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Adenosine
5.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
5.4 Adenosine Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
5.4.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
5.4.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Adenosine Industry Development
5.5 Consumer Behavior Analysis
6 Players Profiles
6.1 Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical
6.1.1 Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.1.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.1.3 Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.1.4 Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Business Overview
6.2 Meihua Group
6.2.1 Meihua Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.2.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.2.3 Meihua Group Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.2.4 Meihua Group Business Overview
6.3 Aceto Corporation
6.3.1 Aceto Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.3.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.3.3 Aceto Corporation Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.3.4 Aceto Corporation Business Overview
6.4 Yamasa
6.4.1 Yamasa Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.4.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.4.3 Yamasa Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Yamasa Business Overview
6.5 Nantong Sane Biological
6.5.1 Nantong Sane Biological Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.5.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.5.3 Nantong Sane Biological Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.5.4 Nantong Sane Biological Business Overview
6.6 Tuoxin Group
6.6.1 Tuoxin Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.6.2 Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.6.3 Tuoxin Group Adenosine Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.6.4 Tuoxin Group Business Overview
7 Global Adenosine Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Adenosine Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Adenosine Revenue (Revenue) and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4 United States Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.1 United States Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.5 Europe Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.1 Europe Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.6 China Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.1 China Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.7 Japan Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.1 Japan Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.8 India Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.1 India Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.9 Southeast Asia Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.1 Southeast Asia Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.10 Latin America Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.10.1 Latin America Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
7.11 Middle East and Africa Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.11.1 Middle East and Africa Adenosine Market Under COVID-19
8 Global Adenosine Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
8.1 Global Adenosine Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.2 Global Adenosine Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Global Adenosine Price by Type (2017-2022)
8.4 Global Adenosine Sales Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
8.4.1 Global Adenosine Sales Growth Rate of >=99% Adenosine (2017-2022)
8.4.2 Global Adenosine Sales Growth Rate of <99% Adenosine (2017-2022)
9 Global Adenosine Market Analysis by Application
9.1 Global Adenosine Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
9.2 Global Adenosine Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
9.2.1 Global Adenosine Consumption Growth Rate of Hospitals (2017-2022)
9.2.2 Global Adenosine Consumption Growth Rate of Medical centers (2017-2022)
9.2.3 Global Adenosine Consumption Growth Rate of Private Clinics/Doctors (2017-2022)
10 Global Adenosine Market Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1 Global Adenosine Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.1 Global Adenosine Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.2 Global Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.3 Global Adenosine Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2 Global Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
10.2.1 United States Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.2 Europe Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.3 China Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.4 Japan Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.5 India Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.6 Southeast Asia Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.7 Latin America Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.8 Middle East and Africa Adenosine Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.3 Global Adenosine Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
10.4 Global Adenosine Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
10.5 Adenosine Market Forecast Under COVID-19
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Adenosine Product Picture
Table Global Adenosine Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type
Table Profile of >=99% Adenosine
Table Profile of <99% Adenosine
Table Adenosine Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
Table Profile of Hospitals
Table Profile of Medical centers
Table Profile of Private Clinics/Doctors
Figure Global Adenosine Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Germany Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure UK Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure France Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Poland Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure India Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Malaysia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Singapore Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Philippines Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Indonesia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Thailand Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Vietnam Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Latin America Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Brazil Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Mexico Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Colombia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Middle East and Africa Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Saudi Arabia Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure United Arab Emirates Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Turkey Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Egypt Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure South Africa Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Nigeria Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
Table Global Adenosine Sales by Player (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Sales Share by Player (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Share by Player in 2021
Table Adenosine Revenue by Player (2017-2022)
Table Adenosine Revenue Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
Table Adenosine Price by Player (2017-2022)
Table Adenosine Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
Table Adenosine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player
Table Adenosine Product Type by Player
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Figure Adenosine Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
Table Downstream Buyers
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Adenosine
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview
Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Adenosine Industry Development
Table Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Jinan Mingxin Pharmaceutical Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Meihua Group Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Meihua Group Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Meihua Group Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Meihua Group Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Aceto Corporation Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Aceto Corporation Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Aceto Corporation Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Aceto Corporation Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Yamasa Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Yamasa Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Yamasa Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Yamasa Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Nantong Sane Biological Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Nantong Sane Biological Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Nantong Sane Biological Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Nantong Sane Biological Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Tuoxin Group Profile
Table Adenosine Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Tuoxin Group Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Tuoxin Group Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Tuoxin Group Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Global Adenosine Sales, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Adenosine Revenue, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table United States Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Europe Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table China Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Japan Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table India Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Southeast Asia Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Latin America Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Middle East and Africa Adenosine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Sales by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Global Adenosine Revenue by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Adenosine Price by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Growth Rate of >=99% Adenosine (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales Growth Rate of <99% Adenosine (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Consumption by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Consumption of Hospitals (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Consumption of Medical centers (2017-2022)
Table Global Adenosine Consumption of Private Clinics/Doctors (2017-2022)
Figure Global Adenosine Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Adenosine Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Adenosine Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure USA Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure USA Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Adenosine Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Adenosine Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Table Global Adenosine Market Sales Forecast, by Type
Table Global Adenosine Sales Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Adenosine Market Revenue Forecast, by Type
Table Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Adenosine Price Forecast, by Type
Table Global Adenosine Market Consumption Forecast, by Application
Table Global Adenosine Consumption Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Adenosine Market Revenue Forecast, by Application
Table Global Adenosine Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Adenosine Price Forecast, by Application