The Kefir market has witnessed growth from USD XX million to USD XX million from 2017 to 2022. With the CAGR of X.X%, this market is estimated to reach USD XX million in 2029.
The report focuses on the Kefir market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides detailed cost analysis, supply chain.
Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, making it more widely used in downstream applications. Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the Kefir market.
Key players in the global Kefir market covered in Chapter 2 and Chapter 6:
Groupe Danone
Dhler Group.
Nestle S.A.
Nourishme Organics
In Chapter 8 and Chapter 10.3, based on types, the Kefir market from 2017 to 2029 is primarily split into:
Organic Kefir
Greek Kefir
Frozen Kefir
Low Fat Kefir
Others
In Chapter 9 and Chapter 10.4, based on applications, the Kefir market from 2017 to 2029 covers:
Sauces
Pharmaceuticals
Dips & Dressings
Dietary Supplements
Dairy Products
Cosmetics
Drinks and Smoothies
Others
Geographically, the report includes the research on production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, and forecast (2017 -2029) of the following regions:
United States
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland)
China
Japan
India
Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)
Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria)
Other Regions
Chapter 1 provides an overview of Kefir market, containing global revenue and CAGR. The forecast and analysis of Kefir market by type, application, and region are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 is about the market landscape and major players. It provides competitive situation and market concentration status along with the basic information of these players.
Chapter 3 introduces the industrial chain of Kefir. Industrial chain analysis, raw material (suppliers, price, supply and demand, market concentration rate) and downstream buyers are analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 concentrates on manufacturing analysis, including cost structure analysis and process analysis, making up a comprehensive analysis of manufacturing cost.
Chapter 5 provides clear insights into market dynamics, the influence of COVID-19 in Kefir industry, consumer behavior analysis.
Chapter 6 provides a full-scale analysis of major players in Kefir industry. The basic information, as well as the profiles, applications and specifications of products market performance along with Business Overview are offered.
Chapter 7 pays attention to the sales, revenue, price and gross margin of Kefir in markets of different regions. The analysis on sales, revenue, price and gross margin of the global market is covered in this part.
Chapter 8 gives a worldwide view of Kefir market. It includes sales, revenue, price, market share and the growth rate by type.
Chapter 9 focuses on the application of Kefir, by analyzing the consumption and its growth rate of each application.
Chapter 10 prospects the whole Kefir market, including the global sales and revenue forecast, regional forecast. It also foresees the Kefir market by type and application.
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2017-2021
Base Year: 2021
Estimated Year: 2022
Forecast Period: 2022-2029
Table of Content
1 Kefir Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Kefir
1.2 Kefir Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Kefir Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029)
1.2.2 The Market Profile of Organic Kefir
1.2.3 The Market Profile of Greek Kefir
1.2.4 The Market Profile of Frozen Kefir
1.2.5 The Market Profile of Low Fat Kefir
1.2.6 The Market Profile of Others
1.3 Global Kefir Segment by Application
1.3.1 Kefir Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
1.3.2 The Market Profile of Sauces
1.3.3 The Market Profile of Pharmaceuticals
1.3.4 The Market Profile of Dips & Dressings
1.3.5 The Market Profile of Dietary Supplements
1.3.6 The Market Profile of Dairy Products
1.3.7 The Market Profile of Cosmetics
1.3.8 The Market Profile of Drinks and Smoothies
1.3.9 The Market Profile of Others
1.4 Global Kefir Market, Region Wise (2017-2022)
1.4.1 Global Kefir Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2017-2022)
1.4.2 United States Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3 Europe Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.1 Germany Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.2 UK Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.3 France Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.4 Italy Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.5 Spain Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.6 Russia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.7 Poland Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.4 China Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.5 Japan Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.6 India Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.1 Malaysia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.2 Singapore Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.3 Philippines Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.4 Indonesia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.5 Thailand Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.6 Vietnam Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8 Latin America Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.1 Brazil Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.2 Mexico Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.3 Colombia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.3 Turkey Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.4 Egypt Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.5 South Africa Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.6 Nigeria Kefir Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size of Kefir (2017-2029)
1.5.1 Global Kefir Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.5.2 Global Kefir Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
2 Global Kefir Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global Kefir Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Kefir Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Kefir Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Kefir Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
2.5 Kefir Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.6 Kefir Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Kefir Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Kefir Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Kefir Upstream and Downstream Analysis
3.1 Kefir Industrial Chain Analysis
3.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
3.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
3.4 Manufacturing Process Analysis
3.5 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.6 Downstream Buyers
3.7 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
4 Kefir Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4.2 Kefir Key Raw Materials Cost Analysis
4.2.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction
4.2.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Labor Cost Analysis
4.3.1 Labor Cost of Kefir Under COVID-19
4.4 Energy Costs Analysis
4.5 R&D Costs Analysis
5 Market Dynamics
5.1 Drivers
5.2 Restraints and Challenges
5.3 Opportunities
5.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Kefir
5.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
5.4 Kefir Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
5.4.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
5.4.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Kefir Industry Development
5.5 Consumer Behavior Analysis
6 Players Profiles
6.1 Groupe Danone
6.1.1 Groupe Danone Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.1.2 Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.1.3 Groupe Danone Kefir Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.1.4 Groupe Danone Business Overview
6.2 Dhler Group.
6.2.1 Dhler Group. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.2.2 Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.2.3 Dhler Group. Kefir Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.2.4 Dhler Group. Business Overview
6.3 Nestle S.A.
6.3.1 Nestle S.A. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.3.2 Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.3.3 Nestle S.A. Kefir Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.3.4 Nestle S.A. Business Overview
6.4 Nourishme Organics
6.4.1 Nourishme Organics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.4.2 Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.4.3 Nourishme Organics Kefir Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Nourishme Organics Business Overview
7 Global Kefir Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Kefir Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Kefir Revenue (Revenue) and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4 United States Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.1 United States Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.5 Europe Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.1 Europe Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.6 China Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.1 China Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.7 Japan Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.1 Japan Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.8 India Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.1 India Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.9 Southeast Asia Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.1 Southeast Asia Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.10 Latin America Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.10.1 Latin America Kefir Market Under COVID-19
7.11 Middle East and Africa Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.11.1 Middle East and Africa Kefir Market Under COVID-19
8 Global Kefir Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
8.1 Global Kefir Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.2 Global Kefir Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Global Kefir Price by Type (2017-2022)
8.4 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
8.4.1 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Organic Kefir (2017-2022)
8.4.2 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Greek Kefir (2017-2022)
8.4.3 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Frozen Kefir (2017-2022)
8.4.4 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Low Fat Kefir (2017-2022)
8.4.5 Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Others (2017-2022)
9 Global Kefir Market Analysis by Application
9.1 Global Kefir Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
9.2 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
9.2.1 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Sauces (2017-2022)
9.2.2 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Pharmaceuticals (2017-2022)
9.2.3 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Dips & Dressings (2017-2022)
9.2.4 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Dietary Supplements (2017-2022)
9.2.5 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Dairy Products (2017-2022)
9.2.6 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Cosmetics (2017-2022)
9.2.7 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Drinks and Smoothies (2017-2022)
9.2.8 Global Kefir Consumption Growth Rate of Others (2017-2022)
10 Global Kefir Market Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1 Global Kefir Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.1 Global Kefir Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.2 Global Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.3 Global Kefir Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2 Global Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
10.2.1 United States Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.2 Europe Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.3 China Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.4 Japan Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.5 India Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.6 Southeast Asia Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.7 Latin America Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.8 Middle East and Africa Kefir Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.3 Global Kefir Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
10.4 Global Kefir Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
10.5 Kefir Market Forecast Under COVID-19
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Kefir Product Picture
Table Global Kefir Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type
Table Profile of Organic Kefir
Table Profile of Greek Kefir
Table Profile of Frozen Kefir
Table Profile of Low Fat Kefir
Table Profile of Others
Table Kefir Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
Table Profile of Sauces
Table Profile of Pharmaceuticals
Table Profile of Dips & Dressings
Table Profile of Dietary Supplements
Table Profile of Dairy Products
Table Profile of Cosmetics
Table Profile of Drinks and Smoothies
Table Profile of Others
Figure Global Kefir Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) (2017-2022)
Figure United States Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Germany Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure UK Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure France Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Poland Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure India Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Malaysia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Singapore Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Philippines Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Indonesia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Thailand Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Vietnam Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Latin America Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Brazil Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Mexico Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Colombia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Middle East and Africa Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Saudi Arabia Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure United Arab Emirates Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Turkey Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Egypt Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure South Africa Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Nigeria Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
Table Global Kefir Sales by Player (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Sales Share by Player (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Share by Player in 2021
Table Kefir Revenue by Player (2017-2022)
Table Kefir Revenue Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
Table Kefir Price by Player (2017-2022)
Table Kefir Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
Table Kefir Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player
Table Kefir Product Type by Player
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Figure Kefir Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
Table Downstream Buyers
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Kefir
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview
Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Kefir Industry Development
Table Groupe Danone Profile
Table Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Groupe Danone Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Groupe Danone Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Groupe Danone Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Dhler Group. Profile
Table Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Dhler Group. Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Dhler Group. Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Dhler Group. Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Nestle S.A. Profile
Table Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Nestle S.A. Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Nestle S.A. Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Nestle S.A. Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Nourishme Organics Profile
Table Kefir Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Nourishme Organics Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Nourishme Organics Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Nourishme Organics Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Global Kefir Sales, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Kefir Revenue, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Revenue Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table United States Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Europe Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table China Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Japan Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table India Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Southeast Asia Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Latin America Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Middle East and Africa Kefir Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Sales by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Global Kefir Revenue by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Revenue Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Kefir Price by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Organic Kefir (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Greek Kefir (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Frozen Kefir (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Low Fat Kefir (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales Growth Rate of Others (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Sauces (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Pharmaceuticals (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Dips & Dressings (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Dietary Supplements (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Dairy Products (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Cosmetics (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Drinks and Smoothies (2017-2022)
Table Global Kefir Consumption of Others (2017-2022)
Figure Global Kefir Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Kefir Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Kefir Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure USA Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure USA Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Kefir Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Kefir Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Table Global Kefir Market Sales Forecast, by Type
Table Global Kefir Sales Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Kefir Market Revenue Forecast, by Type
Table Global Kefir Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Kefir Price Forecast, by Type
Table Global Kefir Market Consumption Forecast, by Application
Table Global Kefir Consumption Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Kefir Market Revenue Forecast, by Application
Table Global Kefir Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Kefir Price Forecast, by Application