The Nail Gel market has witnessed growth from USD XX million to USD XX million from 2017 to 2022. With the CAGR of X.X%, this market is estimated to reach USD XX million in 2029.
The report focuses on the Nail Gel market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides detailed cost analysis, supply chain.
Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, making it more widely used in downstream applications. Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the Nail Gel market.
Key players in the global Nail Gel market covered in Chapter 2 and Chapter 6:
Light Elegance
OPI Products Inc.
Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Chemence Limited
Creative Nail Design Inc.
In Chapter 8 and Chapter 10.3, based on types, the Nail Gel market from 2017 to 2029 is primarily split into:
Acrylate
Methacrylate
Cyanoacrylate
In Chapter 9 and Chapter 10.4, based on applications, the Nail Gel market from 2017 to 2029 covers:
Offline
Online
Geographically, the report includes the research on production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, and forecast (2017 -2029) of the following regions:
United States
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland)
China
Japan
India
Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)
Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria)
Other Regions
Chapter 1 provides an overview of Nail Gel market, containing global revenue and CAGR. The forecast and analysis of Nail Gel market by type, application, and region are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 is about the market landscape and major players. It provides competitive situation and market concentration status along with the basic information of these players.
Chapter 3 introduces the industrial chain of Nail Gel. Industrial chain analysis, raw material (suppliers, price, supply and demand, market concentration rate) and downstream buyers are analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 concentrates on manufacturing analysis, including cost structure analysis and process analysis, making up a comprehensive analysis of manufacturing cost.
Chapter 5 provides clear insights into market dynamics, the influence of COVID-19 in Nail Gel industry, consumer behavior analysis.
Chapter 6 provides a full-scale analysis of major players in Nail Gel industry. The basic information, as well as the profiles, applications and specifications of products market performance along with Business Overview are offered.
Chapter 7 pays attention to the sales, revenue, price and gross margin of Nail Gel in markets of different regions. The analysis on sales, revenue, price and gross margin of the global market is covered in this part.
Chapter 8 gives a worldwide view of Nail Gel market. It includes sales, revenue, price, market share and the growth rate by type.
Chapter 9 focuses on the application of Nail Gel, by analyzing the consumption and its growth rate of each application.
Chapter 10 prospects the whole Nail Gel market, including the global sales and revenue forecast, regional forecast. It also foresees the Nail Gel market by type and application.
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2017-2021
Base Year: 2021
Estimated Year: 2022
Forecast Period: 2022-2029
Table of Content
1 Nail Gel Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Nail Gel
1.2 Nail Gel Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Nail Gel Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029)
1.2.2 The Market Profile of Acrylate
1.2.3 The Market Profile of Methacrylate
1.2.4 The Market Profile of Cyanoacrylate
1.3 Global Nail Gel Segment by Application
1.3.1 Nail Gel Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
1.3.2 The Market Profile of Offline
1.3.3 The Market Profile of Online
1.4 Global Nail Gel Market, Region Wise (2017-2022)
1.4.1 Global Nail Gel Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2017-2022)
1.4.2 United States Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3 Europe Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.1 Germany Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.2 UK Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.3 France Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.4 Italy Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.5 Spain Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.6 Russia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.7 Poland Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.4 China Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.5 Japan Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.6 India Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.1 Malaysia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.2 Singapore Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.3 Philippines Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.4 Indonesia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.5 Thailand Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.6 Vietnam Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8 Latin America Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.1 Brazil Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.2 Mexico Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.3 Colombia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.3 Turkey Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.4 Egypt Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.5 South Africa Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.6 Nigeria Nail Gel Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size of Nail Gel (2017-2029)
1.5.1 Global Nail Gel Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.5.2 Global Nail Gel Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
2 Global Nail Gel Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global Nail Gel Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Nail Gel Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Nail Gel Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Nail Gel Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
2.5 Nail Gel Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.6 Nail Gel Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Nail Gel Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Nail Gel Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Nail Gel Upstream and Downstream Analysis
3.1 Nail Gel Industrial Chain Analysis
3.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
3.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
3.4 Manufacturing Process Analysis
3.5 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.6 Downstream Buyers
3.7 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
4 Nail Gel Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4.2 Nail Gel Key Raw Materials Cost Analysis
4.2.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction
4.2.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Labor Cost Analysis
4.3.1 Labor Cost of Nail Gel Under COVID-19
4.4 Energy Costs Analysis
4.5 R&D Costs Analysis
5 Market Dynamics
5.1 Drivers
5.2 Restraints and Challenges
5.3 Opportunities
5.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Nail Gel
5.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
5.4 Nail Gel Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
5.4.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
5.4.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Nail Gel Industry Development
5.5 Consumer Behavior Analysis
6 Players Profiles
6.1 Light Elegance
6.1.1 Light Elegance Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.1.2 Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.1.3 Light Elegance Nail Gel Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.1.4 Light Elegance Business Overview
6.2 OPI Products Inc.
6.2.1 OPI Products Inc. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.2.2 Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.2.3 OPI Products Inc. Nail Gel Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.2.4 OPI Products Inc. Business Overview
6.3 Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc.
6.3.1 Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.3.2 Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.3.3 Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Nail Gel Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.3.4 Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Business Overview
6.4 Chemence Limited
6.4.1 Chemence Limited Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.4.2 Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.4.3 Chemence Limited Nail Gel Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Chemence Limited Business Overview
6.5 Creative Nail Design Inc.
6.5.1 Creative Nail Design Inc. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.5.2 Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.5.3 Creative Nail Design Inc. Nail Gel Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.5.4 Creative Nail Design Inc. Business Overview
7 Global Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Nail Gel Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Nail Gel Revenue (Revenue) and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4 United States Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.1 United States Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.5 Europe Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.1 Europe Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.6 China Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.1 China Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.7 Japan Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.1 Japan Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.8 India Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.1 India Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.9 Southeast Asia Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.1 Southeast Asia Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.10 Latin America Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.10.1 Latin America Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
7.11 Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.11.1 Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Market Under COVID-19
8 Global Nail Gel Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
8.1 Global Nail Gel Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.2 Global Nail Gel Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Global Nail Gel Price by Type (2017-2022)
8.4 Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
8.4.1 Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Acrylate (2017-2022)
8.4.2 Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Methacrylate (2017-2022)
8.4.3 Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Cyanoacrylate (2017-2022)
9 Global Nail Gel Market Analysis by Application
9.1 Global Nail Gel Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
9.2 Global Nail Gel Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
9.2.1 Global Nail Gel Consumption Growth Rate of Offline (2017-2022)
9.2.2 Global Nail Gel Consumption Growth Rate of Online (2017-2022)
10 Global Nail Gel Market Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1 Global Nail Gel Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.1 Global Nail Gel Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.2 Global Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.3 Global Nail Gel Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2 Global Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
10.2.1 United States Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.2 Europe Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.3 China Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.4 Japan Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.5 India Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.6 Southeast Asia Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.7 Latin America Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.8 Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.3 Global Nail Gel Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
10.4 Global Nail Gel Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
10.5 Nail Gel Market Forecast Under COVID-19
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Nail Gel Product Picture
Table Global Nail Gel Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type
Table Profile of Acrylate
Table Profile of Methacrylate
Table Profile of Cyanoacrylate
Table Nail Gel Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
Table Profile of Offline
Table Profile of Online
Figure Global Nail Gel Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) (2017-2022)
Figure United States Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Germany Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure UK Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure France Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Poland Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure India Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Malaysia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Singapore Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Philippines Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Indonesia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Thailand Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Vietnam Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Latin America Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Brazil Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Mexico Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Colombia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Saudi Arabia Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure United Arab Emirates Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Turkey Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Egypt Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure South Africa Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Nigeria Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
Table Global Nail Gel Sales by Player (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Sales Share by Player (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Share by Player in 2021
Table Nail Gel Revenue by Player (2017-2022)
Table Nail Gel Revenue Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
Table Nail Gel Price by Player (2017-2022)
Table Nail Gel Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
Table Nail Gel Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player
Table Nail Gel Product Type by Player
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Figure Nail Gel Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
Table Downstream Buyers
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Nail Gel
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview
Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Nail Gel Industry Development
Table Light Elegance Profile
Table Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Light Elegance Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Light Elegance Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Light Elegance Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table OPI Products Inc. Profile
Table Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table OPI Products Inc. Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure OPI Products Inc. Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure OPI Products Inc. Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Profile
Table Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Keystone Research and Pharmaceuticals Inc. Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Chemence Limited Profile
Table Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Chemence Limited Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Chemence Limited Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Chemence Limited Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Creative Nail Design Inc. Profile
Table Nail Gel Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Creative Nail Design Inc. Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Creative Nail Design Inc. Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Creative Nail Design Inc. Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Global Nail Gel Sales, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table United States Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Europe Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table China Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Japan Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table India Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Southeast Asia Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Latin America Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Sales by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Nail Gel Price by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Acrylate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Methacrylate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales Growth Rate of Cyanoacrylate (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Consumption by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Consumption of Offline (2017-2022)
Table Global Nail Gel Consumption of Online (2017-2022)
Figure Global Nail Gel Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Nail Gel Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Nail Gel Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure USA Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure USA Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Nail Gel Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Table Global Nail Gel Market Sales Forecast, by Type
Table Global Nail Gel Sales Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Nail Gel Market Revenue Forecast, by Type
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Nail Gel Price Forecast, by Type
Table Global Nail Gel Market Consumption Forecast, by Application
Table Global Nail Gel Consumption Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Nail Gel Market Revenue Forecast, by Application
Table Global Nail Gel Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Nail Gel Price Forecast, by Application