2022-2029 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Professional Market Research Report, Analysis from Perspective of Segmentation (Competitor Landscape, Type, Application, and Geography)

Table of Content

1 Writing and Marking Instruments Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Writing and Marking Instruments
1.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2017-2029)
1.2.2 The Market Profile of Pen
1.2.3 The Market Profile of Coloring and Writing Instrument
1.2.4 The Market Profile of Pencil
1.2.5 The Market Profile of Markers and Highlighters
1.2.6 The Market Profile of Writing Accessories
1.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Segment by Application
1.3.1 Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
1.3.2 The Market Profile of Online Stores
1.3.3 The Market Profile of Offline Stores
1.4 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market, Region Wise (2017-2022)
1.4.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2017-2022)
1.4.2 United States Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3 Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.1 Germany Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.2 UK Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.3 France Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.4 Italy Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.5 Spain Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.6 Russia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.3.7 Poland Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.4 China Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.5 Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.6 India Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.1 Malaysia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.2 Singapore Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.3 Philippines Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.4 Indonesia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.5 Thailand Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.7.6 Vietnam Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8 Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.1 Brazil Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.2 Mexico Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.8.3 Colombia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.3 Turkey Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.4 Egypt Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.5 South Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.4.9.6 Nigeria Writing and Marking Instruments Market Status and Prospect (2017-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size of Writing and Marking Instruments (2017-2029)
1.5.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
1.5.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)

2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
2.5 Writing and Marking Instruments Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.6 Writing and Marking Instruments Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Writing and Marking Instruments Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Writing and Marking Instruments Upstream and Downstream Analysis
3.1 Writing and Marking Instruments Industrial Chain Analysis
3.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
3.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
3.4 Manufacturing Process Analysis
3.5 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.6 Downstream Buyers
3.7 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19

4 Writing and Marking Instruments Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Key Raw Materials Cost Analysis
4.2.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction
4.2.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Labor Cost Analysis
4.3.1 Labor Cost of Writing and Marking Instruments Under COVID-19
4.4 Energy Costs Analysis
4.5 R&D Costs Analysis

5 Market Dynamics
5.1 Drivers
5.2 Restraints and Challenges
5.3 Opportunities
5.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Writing and Marking Instruments
5.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
5.4 Writing and Marking Instruments Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
5.4.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
5.4.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Writing and Marking Instruments Industry Development
5.5 Consumer Behavior Analysis

6 Players Profiles
6.1 BIC
6.1.1 BIC Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.1.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.1.3 BIC Writing and Marking Instruments Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.1.4 BIC Business Overview
6.2 PILOT Pen
6.2.1 PILOT Pen Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.2.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.2.3 PILOT Pen Writing and Marking Instruments Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.2.4 PILOT Pen Business Overview
6.3 Newell Brands
6.3.1 Newell Brands Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.3.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.3.3 Newell Brands Writing and Marking Instruments Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.3.4 Newell Brands Business Overview
6.4 Faber-Castell
6.4.1 Faber-Castell Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.4.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.4.3 Faber-Castell Writing and Marking Instruments Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Faber-Castell Business Overview
6.5 Crayola
6.5.1 Crayola Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.5.2 Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.5.3 Crayola Writing and Marking Instruments Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.5.4 Crayola Business Overview

7 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue (Revenue) and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4 United States Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.1 United States Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.5 Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.1 Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.6 China Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.6.1 China Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.7 Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.7.1 Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.8 India Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.8.1 India Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.9 Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.9.1 Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.10 Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.10.1 Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19
7.11 Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.11.1 Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Market Under COVID-19

8 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
8.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Price by Type (2017-2022)
8.4 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
8.4.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Pen (2017-2022)
8.4.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Coloring and Writing Instrument (2017-2022)
8.4.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Pencil (2017-2022)
8.4.4 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Markers and Highlighters (2017-2022)
8.4.5 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Writing Accessories (2017-2022)

9 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Analysis by Application
9.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
9.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
9.2.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Growth Rate of Online Stores (2017-2022)
9.2.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Growth Rate of Offline Stores (2017-2022)

10 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.1 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
10.2.1 United States Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.2 Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.3 China Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.4 Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.5 India Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.6 Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.7 Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2.8 Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.3 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
10.4 Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
10.5 Writing and Marking Instruments Market Forecast Under COVID-19

11 Research Findings and Conclusion

12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Writing and Marking Instruments Product Picture
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type
Table Profile of Pen
Table Profile of Coloring and Writing Instrument
Table Profile of Pencil
Table Profile of Markers and Highlighters
Table Profile of Writing Accessories
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2029)
Table Profile of Online Stores
Table Profile of Offline Stores
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR (%) (2017-2022)
Figure United States Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Germany Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure UK Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure France Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Italy Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Spain Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Russia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Poland Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure India Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Malaysia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Singapore Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Philippines Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Indonesia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Thailand Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Vietnam Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Brazil Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Mexico Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Colombia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Saudi Arabia Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure United Arab Emirates Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Turkey Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Egypt Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure South Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Nigeria Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2029)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales by Player (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Share by Player (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Share by Player in 2021
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue by Player (2017-2022)
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Price by Player (2017-2022)
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Type by Player
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Figure Writing and Marking Instruments Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
Table Downstream Buyers
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Writing and Marking Instruments
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Figure Global COVID-19 Status Overview
Table Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Writing and Marking Instruments Industry Development
Table BIC Profile
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table BIC Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure BIC Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure BIC Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table PILOT Pen Profile
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table PILOT Pen Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure PILOT Pen Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure PILOT Pen Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Newell Brands Profile
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Newell Brands Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Newell Brands Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Newell Brands Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Faber-Castell Profile
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Faber-Castell Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Faber-Castell Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Faber-Castell Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Crayola Profile
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Product Profiles, Application and Specification
Table Crayola Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Figure Crayola Revenue and Growth Rate
Figure Crayola Revenue Market Share 2017-2022
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share, Region Wise in 2021
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table United States Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table China Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table India Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share by Type in 2022
Table Writing and Marking Instruments Price by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Pen (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Coloring and Writing Instrument (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Pencil (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Markers and Highlighters (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Growth Rate of Writing Accessories (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption of Online Stores (2017-2022)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption of Offline Stores (2017-2022)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure Global Writing and Marking Instruments Price and Trend Forecast (2022-2029)
Figure USA Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure USA Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Europe Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure China Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Japan Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure India Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Southeast Asia Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Latin America Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Figure Middle East and Africa Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast Analysis (2022-2029)
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Sales Forecast, by Type
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Sales Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue Forecast, by Type
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Price Forecast, by Type
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Consumption Forecast, by Application
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Consumption Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Market Revenue Forecast, by Application
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application
Table Global Writing and Marking Instruments Price Forecast, by Application