This report contains market size and forecasts of Axle Test System in global, including the following market information:
Global Axle Test System Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)
Global Axle Test System Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)
Global top five Axle Test System companies in 2021 (%)
The global Axle Test System market was valued at US$ million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.
Solid Shaft Tester Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Axle Test System include Modsonic, Millbrook, D&V Electronics, Instron, AUTOPSTENHOJ, FEV STS, Sciemetric, INOVA and Baker Hughes, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Publisher has surveyed the Axle Test System manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Axle Test System Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Test System Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
Solid Shaft Tester
Hollow Shaft Tester
Global Axle Test System Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Test System Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
Industry
Scientific Research
Others
Global Axle Test System Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Test System Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Axle Test System revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Axle Test System revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)
Key companies Axle Test System sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Axle Test System sales share in global market, 2021 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Modsonic
Millbrook
D&V Electronics
Instron
AUTOPSTENHOJ
FEV STS
Sciemetric
INOVA
Baker Hughes
Blue Star E&E
Applied Inspection Ltd
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Axle Test System Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Axle Test System Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Axle Test System Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Axle Test System Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Axle Test System Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Axle Test System Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Axle Test System Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Axle Test System Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Axle Test System Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Axle Test System Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Axle Test System Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Axle Test System Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Axle Test System Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Test System Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Axle Test System Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Test System Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Axle Test System Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Solid Shaft Tester
4.1.3 Hollow Shaft Tester
4.2 By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Axle Test System Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Axle Test System Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Industry
5.1.3 Scientific Research
5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Axle Test System Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Axle Test System Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Axle Test System Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Modsonic
7.1.1 Modsonic Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Modsonic Business Overview
7.1.3 Modsonic Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Modsonic Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Modsonic Key News
7.2 Millbrook
7.2.1 Millbrook Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Millbrook Business Overview
7.2.3 Millbrook Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Millbrook Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Millbrook Key News
7.3 D&V Electronics
7.3.1 D&V Electronics Corporate Summary
7.3.2 D&V Electronics Business Overview
7.3.3 D&V Electronics Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 D&V Electronics Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 D&V Electronics Key News
7.4 Instron
7.4.1 Instron Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Instron Business Overview
7.4.3 Instron Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Instron Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Instron Key News
7.5 AUTOPSTENHOJ
7.5.1 AUTOPSTENHOJ Corporate Summary
7.5.2 AUTOPSTENHOJ Business Overview
7.5.3 AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 AUTOPSTENHOJ Key News
7.6 FEV STS
7.6.1 FEV STS Corporate Summary
7.6.2 FEV STS Business Overview
7.6.3 FEV STS Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 FEV STS Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 FEV STS Key News
7.7 Sciemetric
7.7.1 Sciemetric Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Sciemetric Business Overview
7.7.3 Sciemetric Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Sciemetric Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Sciemetric Key News
7.8 INOVA
7.8.1 INOVA Corporate Summary
7.8.2 INOVA Business Overview
7.8.3 INOVA Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 INOVA Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 INOVA Key News
7.9 Baker Hughes
7.9.1 Baker Hughes Corporate Summary
7.9.2 Baker Hughes Business Overview
7.9.3 Baker Hughes Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Baker Hughes Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 Baker Hughes Key News
7.10 Blue Star E&E
7.10.1 Blue Star E&E Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Blue Star E&E Business Overview
7.10.3 Blue Star E&E Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Blue Star E&E Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Blue Star E&E Key News
7.11 Applied Inspection Ltd
7.11.1 Applied Inspection Ltd Corporate Summary
7.11.2 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Test System Business Overview
7.11.3 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Test System Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Test System Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 Applied Inspection Ltd Key News
8 Global Axle Test System Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Axle Test System Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Axle Test System Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Axle Test System Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Axle Test System Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Axle Test System Industry Value Chain
10.2 Axle Test System Upstream Market
10.3 Axle Test System Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Axle Test System Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Axle Test System in Global Market
Table 2. Top Axle Test System Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Axle Test System Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Axle Test System Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Axle Test System Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Axle Test System Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Axle Test System Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Axle Test System Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Axle Test System Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Test System Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Modsonic Corporate Summary
Table 47. Modsonic Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 48. Modsonic Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Millbrook Corporate Summary
Table 50. Millbrook Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 51. Millbrook Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. D&V Electronics Corporate Summary
Table 53. D&V Electronics Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 54. D&V Electronics Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Instron Corporate Summary
Table 56. Instron Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 57. Instron Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. AUTOPSTENHOJ Corporate Summary
Table 59. AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 60. AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. FEV STS Corporate Summary
Table 62. FEV STS Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 63. FEV STS Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Sciemetric Corporate Summary
Table 65. Sciemetric Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 66. Sciemetric Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. INOVA Corporate Summary
Table 68. INOVA Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 69. INOVA Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Baker Hughes Corporate Summary
Table 71. Baker Hughes Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 72. Baker Hughes Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Blue Star E&E Corporate Summary
Table 74. Blue Star E&E Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 75. Blue Star E&E Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Applied Inspection Ltd Corporate Summary
Table 77. Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Test System Product Offerings
Table 78. Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Test System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Axle Test System Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 80. Global Axle Test System Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 81. Global Axle Test System Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 82. Global Axle Test System Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 83. Axle Test System Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 84. Axle Test System Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 85. Axle Test System Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 86. Axle Test System Raw Materials
Table 87. Axle Test System Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 88. Typical Axle Test System Downstream
Table 89. Axle Test System Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 90. Axle Test System Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Axle Test System Segment by Type
Figure 2. Axle Test System Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Axle Test System Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Axle Test System Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Axle Test System Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Axle Test System Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Axle Test System Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Axle Test System Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Axle Test System Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Test System Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Axle Test System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Axle Test System Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Axle Test System by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Axle Test System Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels