This report contains market size and forecasts of Axle Tester in global, including the following market information:
Global Axle Tester Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)
Global Axle Tester Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)
Global top five Axle Tester companies in 2021 (%)
The global Axle Tester market was valued at US$ million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.
Solid Shaft Tester Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Axle Tester include Modsonic, Millbrook, D&V Electronics, Instron, AUTOPSTENHOJ, FEV STS, Sciemetric, INOVA and Baker Hughes, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
Publisher has surveyed the Axle Tester manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Axle Tester Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Tester Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
Solid Shaft Tester
Hollow Shaft Tester
Global Axle Tester Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Tester Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
Industry
Scientific Research
Others
Global Axle Tester Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Axle Tester Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Axle Tester revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Axle Tester revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)
Key companies Axle Tester sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Axle Tester sales share in global market, 2021 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Modsonic
Millbrook
D&V Electronics
Instron
AUTOPSTENHOJ
FEV STS
Sciemetric
INOVA
Baker Hughes
Blue Star E&E
Applied Inspection Ltd
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Axle Tester Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Axle Tester Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Axle Tester Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Axle Tester Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Axle Tester Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Axle Tester Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Axle Tester Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Axle Tester Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Axle Tester Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Axle Tester Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Axle Tester Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Axle Tester Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Axle Tester Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Tester Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Axle Tester Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Tester Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Axle Tester Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Solid Shaft Tester
4.1.3 Hollow Shaft Tester
4.2 By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Axle Tester Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Axle Tester Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Industry
5.1.3 Scientific Research
5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Axle Tester Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Axle Tester Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Axle Tester Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Modsonic
7.1.1 Modsonic Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Modsonic Business Overview
7.1.3 Modsonic Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Modsonic Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Modsonic Key News
7.2 Millbrook
7.2.1 Millbrook Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Millbrook Business Overview
7.2.3 Millbrook Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Millbrook Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Millbrook Key News
7.3 D&V Electronics
7.3.1 D&V Electronics Corporate Summary
7.3.2 D&V Electronics Business Overview
7.3.3 D&V Electronics Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 D&V Electronics Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 D&V Electronics Key News
7.4 Instron
7.4.1 Instron Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Instron Business Overview
7.4.3 Instron Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Instron Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 Instron Key News
7.5 AUTOPSTENHOJ
7.5.1 AUTOPSTENHOJ Corporate Summary
7.5.2 AUTOPSTENHOJ Business Overview
7.5.3 AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 AUTOPSTENHOJ Key News
7.6 FEV STS
7.6.1 FEV STS Corporate Summary
7.6.2 FEV STS Business Overview
7.6.3 FEV STS Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 FEV STS Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 FEV STS Key News
7.7 Sciemetric
7.7.1 Sciemetric Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Sciemetric Business Overview
7.7.3 Sciemetric Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Sciemetric Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Sciemetric Key News
7.8 INOVA
7.8.1 INOVA Corporate Summary
7.8.2 INOVA Business Overview
7.8.3 INOVA Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 INOVA Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 INOVA Key News
7.9 Baker Hughes
7.9.1 Baker Hughes Corporate Summary
7.9.2 Baker Hughes Business Overview
7.9.3 Baker Hughes Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Baker Hughes Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 Baker Hughes Key News
7.10 Blue Star E&E
7.10.1 Blue Star E&E Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Blue Star E&E Business Overview
7.10.3 Blue Star E&E Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Blue Star E&E Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Blue Star E&E Key News
7.11 Applied Inspection Ltd
7.11.1 Applied Inspection Ltd Corporate Summary
7.11.2 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Tester Business Overview
7.11.3 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Tester Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Tester Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 Applied Inspection Ltd Key News
8 Global Axle Tester Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Axle Tester Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Axle Tester Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Axle Tester Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Axle Tester Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Axle Tester Industry Value Chain
10.2 Axle Tester Upstream Market
10.3 Axle Tester Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Axle Tester Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Axle Tester in Global Market
Table 2. Top Axle Tester Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Axle Tester Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Axle Tester Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Axle Tester Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Axle Tester Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Axle Tester Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Axle Tester Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Axle Tester Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Axle Tester Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Modsonic Corporate Summary
Table 47. Modsonic Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 48. Modsonic Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Millbrook Corporate Summary
Table 50. Millbrook Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 51. Millbrook Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. D&V Electronics Corporate Summary
Table 53. D&V Electronics Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 54. D&V Electronics Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Instron Corporate Summary
Table 56. Instron Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 57. Instron Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. AUTOPSTENHOJ Corporate Summary
Table 59. AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 60. AUTOPSTENHOJ Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. FEV STS Corporate Summary
Table 62. FEV STS Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 63. FEV STS Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Sciemetric Corporate Summary
Table 65. Sciemetric Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 66. Sciemetric Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. INOVA Corporate Summary
Table 68. INOVA Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 69. INOVA Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Baker Hughes Corporate Summary
Table 71. Baker Hughes Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 72. Baker Hughes Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Blue Star E&E Corporate Summary
Table 74. Blue Star E&E Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 75. Blue Star E&E Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Applied Inspection Ltd Corporate Summary
Table 77. Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Tester Product Offerings
Table 78. Applied Inspection Ltd Axle Tester Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Axle Tester Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 80. Global Axle Tester Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 81. Global Axle Tester Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 82. Global Axle Tester Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 83. Axle Tester Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 84. Axle Tester Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 85. Axle Tester Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 86. Axle Tester Raw Materials
Table 87. Axle Tester Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 88. Typical Axle Tester Downstream
Table 89. Axle Tester Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 90. Axle Tester Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Axle Tester Segment by Type
Figure 2. Axle Tester Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Axle Tester Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Axle Tester Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Axle Tester Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Axle Tester Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Axle Tester Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Axle Tester Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Axle Tester Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Axle Tester Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Axle Tester Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Axle Tester Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Axle Tester by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Axle Tester Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels