These brakes give durability to the vehicle braking system in the event of hard braking, which generates a tremendous amount of heat. High-performance brake systems are manufactured using highly durable and lightweight materials when compared with traditional brake systems.
We aims to provide a complete knowledgeable report so that the readers will benefit from it. The report is properly examined and compiled by industry experts and will shed light on the key information that requires from the clients.
Case numbers are resurging in parts of the world where the COVID-19 pandemic was waning, falling in places that saw huge surges recently, and just beginning to rise in previously little-impacted parts of the globe.
Studying and analyzing the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems industry, the report provide in-depth analysis and professtional advices on how to face the post COIVD-19 period.
Market Segment by Product Type
OE
AM
Market Segment by Product Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading company.
Brembo
ZF
Continental
Aisin
EBC Brakes
Hawk Performance
Wabco
Wilwood Engineering
ALCON
Baer
Akebono Industry
StopTech
Insights and Tools:
Projected and forecast revenue values are in constant U.S. dollars, unadjusted for inflation.
Product values and regional markets are estimated by market analyst, data analyst and people from related industry, based on companys' revenue and applications market respectively.
The data sources include but not limited to reports of companys,international organizations and governments, MMI market surveys,and related industry news.
Analyses of global market trends, with historical data, estimates for 2022 and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
The market research includes historical and forecast data from like demand, application details, price trends, and company shares by geography, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions.
In addition, the report provides insight into main drivers,challenges,opportunities and risk of the market and strategies of suppliers. Key players are profiled as well with their market shares in the global market discussed.
Research Objectives
1.To study and analyze the global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems consumption (value) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2017 to 2021, and forecast to 2027.
2.To understand the structure of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems market by identifying its various subsegments.
3.Focuses on the key global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the value, market share, market competition landscape, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
4.To analyze the Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
5.To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
6.To project the consumption of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
7.To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
8.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
Table of Contents
Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Research Report 2022, Forecast to 2027
1 Market Study Overview
1.1 Study Objectives
1.2 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Introduce
1.3 Combined with the Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.4 Brief Description of Research methods
1.5 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2 Global Trend Summary
2.1 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Segment by Type
2.1.1 OE
2.1.2 AM
2.2 Market Analysis by Application
2.2.1 Passenger Vehicle
2.2.2 Commercial Vehicle
2.3 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Comparison by Regions (2017-2027)
2.3.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Size (2017-2027)
2.3.2 North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.3 Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.4 China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.5 Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.6 Southeast Asia Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.4 Basic Product Information
2.4.1 Basic Product Information & Technology Development History
2.4.2 Product Manufacturing Process
2.4.3 Interview with Major Market Participants
2.4.4 High-end Market Analysis and Forecast
2.5 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Industry Impact
2.5.1 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
2.5.2 Market Trends and Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
2.5.3 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
3 Competition by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4 Top 5 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturer Market Share
3.5 Top 10 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturer Market Share
3.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market
3.7 Key Manufacturers Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Key Manufacturers
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
4 Analysis of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Industry Key Manufacturers
4.1 Brembo
4.1.1 Compan Detail
4.1.2 Brembo Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.1.3 Brembo 159 Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.1.4 Main Business Overview
4.1.5 Brembo News
4.2 ZF
4.2.1 Compan Detail
4.2.2 ZF Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.2.3 ZF Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.2.4 Main Business Overview
4.2.5 Brembo News
4.3 Continental
4.3.1 Compan Detail
4.3.2 Continental Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.3.3 Continental Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.3.4 Main Business Overview
4.3.5 Continental News
4.4 Aisin
4.4.1 Compan Detail
4.4.2 Aisin Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.4.3 Aisin Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.4.4 Main Business Overview
4.4.5 Aisin News
4.5 EBC Brakes
4.5.1 Compan Detail
4.5.2 Aisin Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.5.3 EBC Brakes Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.5.4 Main Business Overview
4.5.5 EBC Brakes News
4.6 Hawk Performance
4.6.1 Compan Detail
4.6.2 Hawk Performance Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.6.3 Hawk Performance Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.6.4 Main Business Overview
4.6.5 Hawk Performance News
4.7 Wabco
4.7.1 Compan Detail
4.7.2 Wabco Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.7.3 Wabco Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.8 Wilwood Engineering
4.8.1 Compan Detail
4.8.2 Wilwood Engineering Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.8.3 Wilwood Engineering Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.8.4 Main Business Overview
4.8.5 Wilwood Engineering News
4.9 ALCON
4.9.1 Compan Detail
4.9.2 ALCON Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.9.3 ALCON Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.9.4 Main Business Overview
4.9.5 ALCON News
4.10 Baer
4.10.1 Compan Detail
4.10.2 Baer Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.10.3 Baer Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.10.4 Main Business Overview
4.10.5 Baer News
4.11 Akebono Industry
4.11.1 Compan Detail
4.11.2 Akebono Industry Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.11.3 Akebono Industry Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.11.4 Main Business Overview
4.11.5 Akebono Industry News
4.12 StopTech
4.12.1 Compan Detail
4.12.2 StopTech Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.12.3 StopTech Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.12.4 Main Business Overview
4.12.5 StopTech News
5 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Segment by Big Type
5.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.2 OE Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.2.1 Global OE Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.2.2 Global OE Price (2017-2022)
5.3 AM Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.3.1 Global AM Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.3.2 Global AM Price (2017-2022)
6 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Segment by Big Application
6.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Passenger Vehicle Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.3 Commercial Vehicle Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
7 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Forecast
7.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
7.2 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
7.2.1 North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.2 Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.3 China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.4 Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.5 Southeast Asia Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.6 Other Regions Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.3 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.2 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.4 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.1 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.2 Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
8 Market Analysis
8.1.1 Market Overview
8.1.2 Market Opportunities
8.1.3 Market Risk
8.1.4 Market Driving Force
8.1.5 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
8.1.6 SWOT Analysis
9 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Related Market Analysis
9.1 Upstream Analysis
9.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
9.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
9.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
9.1.4 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturing Cost Analysis
9.2 Downstream Market Analysis
9.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
9.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
9.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
9.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems
Figure Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Key Executives Interviewed
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Size by Big Type
Figure Global Market Share of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems by Big Type in 2021
Figure OE Picture (2017-2022)
Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Size by Big Application
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Size by Application
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share by Big Application in 2021
Figure Passenger Vehicle Picture
Figure Commercial Vehicle Picture
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Comparison by Regions (M USD) (2017-2027)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Size (Million US$) (2017-2027)
Figure North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Table Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
Table Market Trends and Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
Table Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure Top 10 Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market
Table Key Manufacturers Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table Brembo Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Brembo
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company One 2017-2022
Table Company One Main Business
Table Company One Recent Development
Table ZF Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of ZF
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table ZF Recent Development
Table Continental Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Continental
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Continental Main Business
Table Continental Recent Development
Table Aisin Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Aisin
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Aisin Main Business
Table Aisin Recent Development
Table Aisin Main Business
Table Aisin Recent Development
Table EBC Brakes Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of EBC Brakes
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table EBC Brakes Main Business
Table EBC Brakes Recent Development
Table Hawk Performance Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Hawk Performance
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Hawk Performance Main Business
Table Hawk Performance Recent Development
Table Wabco Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Wabco
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Wabco Main Business
Table Wabco Recent Development
Table Wilwood Engineering Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Wilwood Engineering
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Wilwood Engineering Main Business
Table Wilwood Engineering Recent Development
Table ALCON Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of ALCON
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table ALCON Main Business
Table ALCON Recent Development
Table Baer Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Baer
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Baer Main Business
Table Baer Recent Development
Table Akebono Industry Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Akebono Industry
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Akebono Industry Main Business
Table Akebono Industry Recent Development
Table StopTech Company Profile
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification of StopTech
Table Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table StopTech Main Business
Table StopTech Recent Development
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Regions in 2021
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Other Regions Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Figure Global OE Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global OE Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global AM Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales by Big Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Market Share by Big Application in 2019
Figure Global Passenger Vehicle Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Commercial Vehicle Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Figure Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Figure North America Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Europe Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure China Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Japan Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Other Regions Sales Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
Table Key Players in Upstream Markets
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems
Table Macro Analysis of Down Markets
Table Key Players in Down Markets
Table Key Players of Downstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Figure North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure North America Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Automotive High-Performance Brake Systems Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Methodology/Research Approach
Figure Market Size Estimation
Figure Author List
Brembo
ZF
Continental
Aisin
EBC Brakes
Hawk Performance
Wabco
Wilwood Engineering
ALCON
Baer