A fiber optics displacement sensor based on a beam-through technique has wide application due its simplicity, high accuracy, and immune to electromagnetic interference. The fingerprint for such a sensor system is established through the longitudinal displacement. However, it is known that the highest intensity modulation is normally fall at zero distance for the beam-through technique.
We aims to provide a complete knowledgeable report so that the readers will benefit from it. The report is properly examined and compiled by industry experts and will shed light on the key information that requires from the clients.
Case numbers are resurging in parts of the world where the COVID-19 pandemic was waning, falling in places that saw huge surges recently, and just beginning to rise in previously little-impacted parts of the globe.
Studying and analyzing the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors industry, the report provide in-depth analysis and professtional advices on how to face the post COIVD-19 period.
Market Segment by Product Type
Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Market Segment by Product Application
Oil & Gas
Aerospace & Defense
Geotechnical
Transportation
Others
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading company.
SIKO Messtechnik
Opsens Inc.
Scaime
PHILTEC
Alazartech
ROGA-Instruments
Luna Innovations
FISO Technologies
Insights and Tools:
Projected and forecast revenue values are in constant U.S. dollars, unadjusted for inflation.
Product values and regional markets are estimated by market analyst, data analyst and people from related industry, based on companys' revenue and applications market respectively.
The data sources include but not limited to reports of companys,international organizations and governments, MMI market surveys,and related industry news.
Analyses of global market trends, with historical data, estimates for 2022 and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
The market research includes historical and forecast data from like demand, application details, price trends, and company shares by geography, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions.
In addition, the report provides insight into main drivers,challenges,opportunities and risk of the market and strategies of suppliers. Key players are profiled as well with their market shares in the global market discussed.
Research Objectives
1.To study and analyze the global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors consumption (value) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2017 to 2021, and forecast to 2027.
2.To understand the structure of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors market by identifying its various subsegments.
3.Focuses on the key global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the value, market share, market competition landscape, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
4.To analyze the Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
5.To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
6.To project the consumption of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
7.To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
8.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
Table of Contents
Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Research Report 2022, Forecast to 2027
1 Market Study Overview
1.1 Study Objectives
1.2 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Introduce
1.3 Combined with the Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.4 Brief Description of Research methods
1.5 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2 Global Trend Summary
2.1 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Segment by Type
2.1.1 Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
2.1.2 Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
2.1.3 Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
2.1.4 Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
2.2 Market Analysis by Application
2.2.1 Oil & Gas
2.2.2 Aerospace & Defense
2.2.3 Geotechnical
2.2.4 Transportation
2.2.5 Others
2.3 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Comparison by Regions (2017-2027)
2.3.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Size (2017-2027)
2.3.2 North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.3 Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.4 China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.5 Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.6 Southeast Asia Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.4 Basic Product Information
2.4.1 Basic Product Information & Technology Development History
2.4.2 Product Manufacturing Process
2.4.3 Interview with Major Market Participants
2.4.4 High-end Market Analysis and Forecast
2.5 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Industry Impact
2.5.1 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
2.5.2 Market Trends and Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
2.5.3 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
3 Competition by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4 Top 5 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturer Market Share
3.5 Top 10 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturer Market Share
3.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market
3.7 Key Manufacturers Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Key Manufacturers
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
4 Analysis of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Industry Key Manufacturers
4.1 SIKO Messtechnik
4.1.1 Compan Detail
4.1.2 SIKO Messtechnik Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.1.3 SIKO Messtechnik 134 Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.1.4 Main Business Overview
4.1.5 SIKO Messtechnik News
4.2 Opsens Inc.
4.2.1 Compan Detail
4.2.2 Opsens Inc. Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.2.3 Opsens Inc. Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.2.4 Main Business Overview
4.2.5 SIKO Messtechnik News
4.3 Scaime
4.3.1 Compan Detail
4.3.2 Scaime Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.3.3 Scaime Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.3.4 Main Business Overview
4.3.5 Scaime News
4.4 PHILTEC
4.4.1 Compan Detail
4.4.2 PHILTEC Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.4.3 PHILTEC Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.4.4 Main Business Overview
4.4.5 PHILTEC News
4.5 Alazartech
4.5.1 Compan Detail
4.5.2 PHILTEC Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.5.3 Alazartech Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.5.4 Main Business Overview
4.5.5 Alazartech News
4.6 ROGA-Instruments
4.6.1 Compan Detail
4.6.2 ROGA-Instruments Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.6.3 ROGA-Instruments Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.6.4 Main Business Overview
4.6.5 ROGA-Instruments News
4.7 Luna Innovations
4.7.1 Compan Detail
4.7.2 Luna Innovations Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.7.3 Luna Innovations Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.8 FISO Technologies
4.8.1 Compan Detail
4.8.2 FISO Technologies Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.8.3 FISO Technologies Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.8.4 Main Business Overview
4.8.5 FISO Technologies News
5 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Segment by Big Type
5.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.2.1 Global Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.2.2 Global Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
5.3 Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.3.1 Global Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.3.2 Global Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
5.4 Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.4.1 Global Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.4.2 Global Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
5.5 Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.5.1 Global Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.5.2 Global Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
6 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Segment by Big Application
6.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Oil & Gas Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.3 Aerospace & Defense Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.4 Geotechnical Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.5 Transportation Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.6 Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
7 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Forecast
7.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
7.2 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
7.2.1 North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.2 Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.3 China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.4 Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.5 Southeast Asia Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.6 Other Regions Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.3 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.2 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.4 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.1 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.2 Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
8 Market Analysis
8.1.1 Market Overview
8.1.2 Market Opportunities
8.1.3 Market Risk
8.1.4 Market Driving Force
8.1.5 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
8.1.6 SWOT Analysis
9 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Related Market Analysis
9.1 Upstream Analysis
9.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
9.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
9.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
9.1.4 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturing Cost Analysis
9.2 Downstream Market Analysis
9.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
9.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
9.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
9.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors
Figure Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Key Executives Interviewed
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Size by Big Type
Figure Global Market Share of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors by Big Type in 2021
Figure Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Picture (2017-2022)
Figure Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Picture (2017-2022)
Figure Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Picture (2017-2022)
Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Size by Big Application
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Size by Application
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share by Big Application in 2021
Figure Oil & Gas Picture
Figure Aerospace & Defense Picture
Figure Geotechnical Picture
Figure Transportation Picture
Figure Others Picture
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Comparison by Regions (M USD) (2017-2027)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Size (Million US$) (2017-2027)
Figure North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Table Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
Table Market Trends and Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
Table Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure Top 10 Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market
Table Key Manufacturers Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table SIKO Messtechnik Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of SIKO Messtechnik
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company One 2017-2022
Table Company One Main Business
Table Company One Recent Development
Table Opsens Inc. Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Opsens Inc.
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Opsens Inc. Recent Development
Table Scaime Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Scaime
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Scaime Main Business
Table Scaime Recent Development
Table PHILTEC Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of PHILTEC
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table PHILTEC Main Business
Table PHILTEC Recent Development
Table PHILTEC Main Business
Table PHILTEC Recent Development
Table Alazartech Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Alazartech
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Alazartech Main Business
Table Alazartech Recent Development
Table ROGA-Instruments Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of ROGA-Instruments
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table ROGA-Instruments Main Business
Table ROGA-Instruments Recent Development
Table Luna Innovations Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Luna Innovations
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Luna Innovations Main Business
Table Luna Innovations Recent Development
Table FISO Technologies Company Profile
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Product Introduction, Application and Specification of FISO Technologies
Table Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table FISO Technologies Main Business
Table FISO Technologies Recent Development
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Regions in 2021
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Other Regions Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Figure Global Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales by Big Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Market Share by Big Application in 2019
Figure Global Oil & Gas Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Aerospace & Defense Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Geotechnical Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Transportation Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Figure Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Figure North America Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Europe Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure China Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Japan Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Other Regions Sales Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
Table Key Players in Upstream Markets
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors
Table Macro Analysis of Down Markets
Table Key Players in Down Markets
Table Key Players of Downstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Figure North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure North America Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Fiber Optic Displacement Sensors Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Methodology/Research Approach
Figure Market Size Estimation
Figure Author List
SIKO Messtechnik
Opsens Inc.
Scaime
PHILTEC
Alazartech
ROGA-Instruments