Automobile sector is facing unprecedented change, in technology, society and regulatory trends. Automotive is being re-shaped by shifts towards electrification, self-driving vehicles and shared mobility. The Robo-taxi (self-driving taxi) could ultimately take the global auto industry on a wild ride. Over the period of next two decades, the personal mobility has changed profoundly. Consumers, who increasingly view mobility as a service, want more choices for traveling between points A and B, including ride hailing, car sharing, and perhaps even self-driving "Robo-taxis." For automakers and such players, the proposed changes could replace the industry's traditional emphasis on "moving metal" with new schemes to capture greater profits per mile or per trip. This level of change is poised to have a significant effect on the vehicle and mobility market. Further, the change also influences market players in the industry and their profitability.
Robo-taxis provide door-to-door service while enabling significant reductions in transportation cost, enhancing mobility for millions saddled with limited access to private and public transportation, relieving congestion, and reducing the need for parking. Robo-taxis will increase the opportunity for shared mobility. By pooling rides, fleets can further decrease total-cost-of-ownership (TCO), making the service more accessible to users. Likewise, new technology enables new platform designs that make sharing a better user experience. However, questions remain as to whether people will adopt shared service to capture lower costs along with increases in time and inconvenience as Robo-taxis do not require any human intervention.
Indeed, a future with autonomous vehicles or Robo-taxi can have various outcomes depending on how they are to be regulated and used. Will these vehicles lead to even more cars on the road, more urban sprawl and more congestion- Or will they contribute to shaping sustainable and livable cities, the regaining of urban space, less vehicles on the road and a higher quality of life- Robo-taxis are capable of providing affordable, sustainable and convenient mobility options to all citizens including fewer mobile persons, the elderly, children and people living in suburban or rural areas. these mobility solutions opening the way for decarbonization, by reducing the city carbon footprint to regain valuable urban space to be reallocated to green zones, economic activities or cozy ride and to provide flexible, around the clock on-demand transport that is safe and cost-efficient. These taxis can help to build that future, where people can increase their productivity and manage their travel cost efficiently. Owing to the above-mentioned facts, it is expected that the Robo-taxi market will grow significantly in the years yet to come.
Among two types of Robo-taxi application, passenger type is expected to dominate the market, however, the market for goods type Robo-taxi is expected to grow at the highest CAGR of 127.73% over the forecast period owing to its increasing usage for delivering various products to the end consumer as several key companies like amazon and dominos are working on the Robo-taxi model of delivering their products. In terms of vehicle type; Robo-taxi market is bifurcated into passenger, shuttle and goods vehicle among these, shuttle and goods vehicle are expected to grow considerably, it is expected that shuttle and goods vehicle will grow at a CAGR of 126.39% and 127.73% respectively over the analyzed period owing to its increasing demand and nature of being cost-efficient.
On the basis of level of autonomy, the Robo-taxi market is segmented into Level 4 and Level 5 of automobile autonomy. The Level 4 holds the largest market share of Robo-taxi market due to the lack of required development for Level 5 autonomy, however with increasing technological advancement, it is believed that Level 5 will also gain momentum in the following years. Further, Robo-taxi market is also segmented by propulsion - plug-in hybrid, electric and fuel cell vehicle. Witnessing the high focus on electric vehicle by several automakers, it is anticipated that electric vehicle will grow affluently and will dominate the Robo-taxi market (more than 50 percent) during the forecast period.
Robo-taxi market comprises of automakers, technology providers and service providers. As the concept is innovative and emerging, each player is trying their best to dominate the marketplace. The success of Robo-taxis will likely change car-ownership and public-transportation dynamics at a fundamental level as it offers lower mobility costs, greater convenience and increased productivity as they free occupants from driving. Some of the key players operating in autonomous vehicle or Robo-taxi market include Waymo, BMW, Tesla, Daimler, General Motors Cruise, Nissan-Renault, Volkswagen, Navya, Aptiv, Nvidia, Valeo, Baidu, Uber, Lyft, eaymile are among others. These players are working endlessly to offer consumer a better and sustainable mobility service across the globe.
In terms of volume, the Global Robo-taxi market generated sales of 1,684 units in 2018 and is expected to witness CAGR of 124.6% during the analyzed period 2019-2025, to reach a sale figure of 238,856 units by 2025.
The preceding figure gives the forecast value of global Robo-taxi Service Market from 2020 to 2025. The Global Robo-taxi service market would generate revenue of US$ 140 billion in 2020 and is expected to witness CAGR growth of 60.69% during the analyzed period 2020-2025, to reach a market size of US$ 1,500 billion by 2025.
Robo-Taxi market crossed 1,600 units mark in 2018 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 124.6% during the forecast period 2019-2025. In a pioneering leap into the future, Robo-taxi is basically a self-driving or a driverless car which was launched recently in the market. After years of focused and intensive testing in the autonomous vehicles (SAE Level 4 or Level 5), today the companies have started to roll out such vehicles for e-hailing (on-demand mobility) service for regular commuters. The Robo-taxi generally eliminates the need of a human chauffeur, which costs a significant part of the operating costs. The Robo-taxi service could make shared mobility much more affordable to the commuters and is expected to boost the demand of Transportation-as-a-Service (TaaS) solutions, which will drive the growth of the Robo-taxi market over the analysed period.
One of the most significantly adopted applications of the Robo-taxi include Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD) service, especially in the metro regions. Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD) is the solution that will drive the revolution towards self-driving cars. The AMoD is a technology comprising hardware, software, vehicle and its surrounding data that will improve the safety and economics of the ride. On an estimate, the Mobility on Demand (MoD) costs nearly US$ 2/mile, car ownership costs US$ 0.8/mile while AMoD costs US$ 0.3/mile. Hence, today, a number of companies are working on developing AMoD technology. In addition, increasing concern over road safety, emissions, reduction in road congestion and soaring demand for ride-hailing services are further expected to propel the growth of Robo-taxi market over the projection period.
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Across the globe, governments and market players are currently focusing on promoting autonomous vehicles in the public transportation and fleets, with emphasis on taxis, vans and shuttles. One of the biggest hurdles in the growth of Robo-Taxi market globally is the dearth of required infrastructure. With increasing government support, several stakeholders are investing huge money in developing the required vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) systems, such as sensors in roads or street signs that send signals to AVs, helping autonomous vehicles navigate city streets seamlessly. Further, development on V2I technology such as dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) systems is in progress, which would further help autonomous vehicle such as Robo-taxi to widen its adoption in major developed and developing regions.
"Level 4 of Robo-Taxi Market dominated the market in 2018 and is expected to maintain its lead by 2025"
Based on level of autonomy, Robo-Taxi market has been segmented into Level 4 and Level 5. In 2018, level 4 dominated the market and is expected to maintain its lead by 2025. The primarily reason for the dominance of Level 4 vehicle is lack of infrastructure for level 5 across major countries.
"Amongst propulsion type, hybrid Robo-taxi holds the major share in 2018, while fuel cell is expected to grow considerably during the forecast period."
Based on propulsion type, Robo-Taxi market has been segmented into hybrid, electric and fuel cell Robo-Taxi. In 2018, hybrid Robo-Taxi dominated the Robo-Taxi market, generating sales of 939 units. However, with increasing environment concerns and depleting gasoline resources, it is expected that electric Robo-Taxi market will take over hybrid Robo-Taxi in terms of sales over the forecast period.
"Passenger Robo-Taxi Market dominated the market in 2018 and is expected to follow its trend till 2025"
Based on vehicle type, Robo-Taxi market has been segmented into passenger car, shuttle and goods carrier van. In 2018, passenger car dominated the market and is expected to maintain its lead throughout the forecast period 2019-2025. The primarily reason boosting the growth of passenger car segment over the other segments is due to increasing preference to shared mobility services over individual vehicle.
"In terms of application, passenger transportation takes lead over the goods transportation of Robo-Taxi Market "
Based on application, Robo-Taxi market is bifurcated into passenger and goods transportation. In 2018, passenger transportation Robo-taxi dominated the market and is expected to maintain its dominance throughout the forecast period, owing to increasing urbanization and people choice for opting a productive and comfortable ride while goods transportation Robo-taxi is expected to grow significantly over the analysed period as e-commerce and other utility companies are going for self-driving vehicles to deliver their consignment to customers.
"North America hold more than 50% of the market share of Robo-Taxi Market in 2018 and is expected to remain the largest market over the forecast period"
Based on region, detailed analysis has been conducted to understand the overall rate of adoption of Robo-Taxi across the different regions including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World. North America captured the maximum market share and is expected to remain the largest market over the forecast period. However, with increasing acceptance and huge population base with increasing disposable income, Asia-Pacific is expected to witness exponential grow over the analysed period.
Competitive Landscape
Robo-taxi market comprises of automakers, technology providers and service providers. As the concept is innovative and emerging, each player is trying their best to increase their market share and presence. The success of Robo-taxis is expected to change car-ownership and public-transportation dynamics at a fundamental level as it offers lower mobility costs, greater convenience and increased productivity as they free occupants from driving. Robo-Taxi market is majorly dominated by large companies, accounting for nearly 75% market share. Some of the leading players operating in the market include Waymo, BMW, Tesla, Daimler, GM Cruise, Nissan-Renault and Volkswagen; while Navya, Aptiv, Nvidia, Valeo, Baidu, Uber, Lyft, eaymile are among others. These players are working endlessly to offer consumer a better and sustainable mobility service across the globe.
Reasons to buy (The research report presents):
? Current and future market size from 2018 to 2025 in terms of Volume and value (US$)
? Combined analysis of deep dive secondary research and input from primary research through Key Opinion Leaders of the industry
? Detail analysis of the Autonomous vehicle technology
? Detailed Analysis of Ride-hailing service in major countries
? A quick review of overall industry performance at a glance
? An In-depth analysis of key industry players
? A detailed analysis of regulatory framework, drivers, restraints, key trends and opportunities prevailing in the industry
? Examination of industry attractiveness with the help of Porter's Five Forces analysis
? The study comprehensively covers the market across different segments and sub-segments of the technology
? Region covered: North America (US, Canada), Europe (Germany, UK, France, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Singapore, India) and Rest of World
Customization Options:
Robo-Taxi market can be customized to the state level or any other market segment. Besides this, UMI understands that you may have your own business need, hence we also provide fully customized solutions to clients.
Table of Contents
1. MARKET INTRODUCTION
1.1 Market Definition 22
1.2 Objective of the Study 22
1.3 Limitation 22
1.4 Stakeholders 23
1.5 Currency used in the Report 23
1.6 Scope of the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 23
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24
2.1 Research Methodology for Global Robo-taxi Market Study 24
2.1.1 Main objective of the Global Robo-taxi Market Study 25
3. ROBO-TAXI COST ANALYSIS 26
3.1 General Overview 26
3.1.1 Autonomous Vehicle Operational Models Compared 27
3.1.2 Ownership and Operating Costs 27
3.1.3 Overlooked Cost 28
3.1.4 Cost structures 30
4. ROBO-TAXI: IMPACT ON USER TRUST AND WILLINGNESS TO USE 32
4.1 General Overview 32
5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 36
5.1 Robo-taxi: A potential game changer for urban mobility 36
6. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE 39
7. MARKET OVERVIEW 41
7.1 Introduction of Robo-taxi 41
7.1.1 Robo-taxi's Disruptive Potential Across Automotive Megatrends 41
7.1.2 Future Deployment Model of Robo-taxi 41
7.2 Overview of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 42
7.2.1 Layers of autonomy 43
7.2.2 Milestone for Autonomous Vehicle 2018 43
7.2.3 Estimate on Adoption of Autonomous vehicle and Key Future Milestones 44
7.2.4 Innovation Deployment Patterns 44
7.2.5 Deployment Predictions 45
7.2.6 Travel Impacts of Autonomous Vehicle 46
7.2.7 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Issues 48
7.2.8 Key Autonomous Vehicle Planning Issues 50
7.2.9 Autonomous Taxi Service Impacts 52
7.2.10 Advantage & Disadvantage of Autonomous Vehicle 53
7.2.11 Impact of Autonomous Vehicle on Different Industries 53
7.3 Market Dynamics 54
7.3.1 Market Trend & Drivers 54
7.3.1.1 Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles 54
7.3.1.1.1 Increasing race 55
7.3.1.1.2 The race to autonomy 55
7.3.1.2 Rising demand for Fuel-efficient and Emission-Free vehicles 56
7.3.1.3 Safety Concern and Better Traffic Control 58
7.3.2 Market Restraints 59
7.3.2.1 Autonomous Vehicles May Reduce the Need of Human Interventions 59
7.3.2.2 High Cost of Implementation 60
7.3.2.3 Threat from Hackers 61
7.3.3 Market Opportunities 61
7.3.3.1 Increasing Support from Governments and Key Players 61
7.3.3.2 Robotic Assistance in Autonomous Vehicle 62
7.3.3.3 Increasing Demand for Ride-Hailing Services 63
7.3.3.4 Rapid Urbanization to Develop Better Infrastructure 64
7.3.3.4.1 Some Key Facts on Urbanization 66
8. KEY MARKET INDICATORS 67
8.1 Demand and Supply Side Analysis 67
8.1.1.1 The Impacts of Increasing Vehicle Automation 67
8.1.1.2 A Dynamic Model of Demand for Driving with AVs 68
8.1.1.2.1 Feedbacks Governing Demand for Driving 69
8.1.1.2.2 The Introduction of AVs 70
8.1.2 SWOT Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles 71
8.1.3 Value Chain Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles (Robo-taxi) 72
9. MARKET INSIGHST BY COMPONENT 73
9.1 General Overview 73
9.1.1 Camera 74
9.1.2 LiDAR 76
9.1.3 Radar 78
9.1.3.1 Short-range radio applications include: 78
9.1.4 Ultrasonic Sensors 80
10. MARKET INSIGHT BY LEVEL OF AUTONOMY 81
10.1 General Overview 81
10.1.1 Level 4 83
10.1.2 Level 5 84
11. MARKET INSIGHT BY PROPULSION 85
11.1 General Overview 85
11.1.1 Electric Robo-taxi 86
11.1.2 Hybrid Robo-taxi 87
11.1.2.1 Developments by key players help in boosting the Hybrid Robo-taxi Market 87
11.1.3 Fuel Cell Robo-taxi 88
12. MARKET INSIGHT BY VEHICLE TYPE 90
12.1 General Overview 90
12.1.1 Passenger Car 91
12.1.2 Shuttle 92
12.1.3 Goods Carrier Vans 93
13. MARKET INSIGHT BY APPLICATION 95
13.1 General Overview 95
13.1.1 Passenger Carrier 96
13.1.2 Goods Vehicle 96
14. MARKET INSIGHT BY REGION 98
14.1 General Overview 98
14.2 North America Robo-taxi Market Insight 100
14.2.1 North America Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 101
14.2.2 North America Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 101
14.2.3 North America Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 102
14.2.4 North America Robo-taxi Market by Application 102
14.2.5 North America Robo-taxi Market by Country 102
14.2.6 United States 103
14.2.6.1 Regulatory Overview 104
14.2.6.1.1 The NHTSA's 2016 Federal automated vehicles policy 104
14.2.6.1.2 Vehicle Performance Guidance for Automated Vehicles 104
14.2.6.1.3 Model state policy 105
14.2.6.1.4 NHTSA's current regulatory tools 106
14.2.6.1.5 New Tools and Authorities 107
14.2.6.2 US Robo-taxi Services Market 108
14.2.6.3 US Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 108
14.2.6.4 US Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 108
14.2.6.5 US Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 109
14.2.6.6 US Robo-taxi Market by Application 109
14.2.7 Canada 109
14.2.7.1 Regulatory Overview 110
14.2.7.1.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Each Level of Government 110
14.2.7.1.2 Trial Guidelines 112
14.2.7.2 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 117
14.2.7.3 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 118
14.2.7.4 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 118
14.2.7.5 Canada Robo-taxi Market by Application 118
14.3 Europe Robo-taxi Market Insight 119
14.3.1 Future ACES trends for European Automotive Industry 119
14.3.2 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 120
14.3.3 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 120
14.3.4 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 121
14.3.5 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Application 121
14.3.6 Europe Robo-taxi Market by Country 121
14.3.7 Germany 122
14.3.7.1 Regulatory Overview 123
14.3.7.1.1 Guidelines Summary 124
14.3.7.1.2 Overall impact 125
14.3.7.2 Germany Robo-taxi Services Market 125
14.3.7.3 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 125
14.3.7.4 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 126
14.3.7.5 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 126
14.3.7.6 Germany Robo-taxi Market by Application 126
14.3.8 France 127
14.3.8.1 Regulatory Overview 128
14.3.8.1.1 Product Safety 128
14.3.8.1.2 Product Liability 129
14.3.8.1.3 Risks of Cyber-Attacks 130
14.3.8.1.4 Commission report on the Directive and Expert Group 130
14.3.8.1.5 Badinter Law in case of road traffic accidents 130
14.3.8.1.6 Two Key Takeaways: 130
14.3.8.2 France Robo-taxi Services Market 131
14.3.8.3 France Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 133
14.3.8.4 France Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 133
14.3.8.5 France Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 133
14.3.8.6 France Robo-taxi Market by Application 134
14.3.9 Spain 134
14.3.9.1 Regulatory Overview 135
14.3.9.2 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 135
14.3.9.3 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 136
14.3.9.4 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 136
14.3.9.5 Spain Robo-taxi Market by Application 136
14.3.10 Sweden 137
14.3.10.1 Regulatory Overview 138
14.3.10.1.1 Trial operations and new legal framework 138
14.3.10.2 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 139
14.3.10.3 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 139
14.3.10.4 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 140
14.3.10.5 Sweden Robo-taxi Market by Application 140
14.3.11 United Kingdom 140
14.3.11.1 Status of Autonomous and connected vehicles in UK 142
14.3.11.2 Regulatory Overview 143
14.3.11.2.1 Key concepts being proposed include: 143
14.3.11.3 UK Robo-taxi Services Market 144
14.3.11.4 UK Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 144
14.3.11.5 UK Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 144
14.3.11.6 UK Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 145
14.3.11.7 UK Robo-taxi Market by Application 145
14.3.12 Netherlands 145
14.3.12.1.1 The ambitions of the Netherlands for Autonomous Vehicle 146
14.3.12.1.2 Netherlands innovative mobility solutions 146
14.3.12.2 Regulatory Overview 146
14.3.12.2.1 Autonomous Transportation Core Topic for Policy on Traffic 146
14.3.12.3 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 147
14.3.12.4 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 147
14.3.12.5 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 148
14.3.12.6 Netherlands Robo-taxi Market by Application 148
14.4 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market Insight 149
14.4.1 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 150
14.4.2 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 150
14.4.3 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 150
14.4.4 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Application 151
14.4.5 Asia-Pacific Robo-taxi Market by Country 151
14.4.6 China 151
14.4.6.1 Fundamentally Transforming Mobility 152
14.4.6.2 Key facts on Chinese Autonomous Vehicle and Ride-Sharing Cars, Buses, Taxis 153
14.4.6.3 Regulatory Overview 154
14.4.6.3.1 National mandatory technical standards and regulations 155
14.4.6.4 China Robo-taxi Services Market 156
14.4.6.5 China Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 156
14.4.6.6 China Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 156
14.4.6.7 China Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 157
14.4.6.8 China Robo-taxi Market by Application 157
14.4.7 India 157
14.4.7.1 Key Market Insights on Indian Ride Hailing Service, 2019 158
14.4.7.2 List of Indian Innovators in self-driving technology 159
14.4.7.3 Challenges for Autonomous Vehicle in India 161
14.4.7.4 Regulatory Overview 161
14.4.7.5 India Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 162
14.4.7.6 India Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 162
14.4.7.7 India Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 163
14.4.7.8 India Robo-taxi Market by Application 163
14.4.8 Japan 163
14.4.8.1 Fragmented Competition in the Local Taxi Market 165
14.4.8.2 Key Market Insights on Indian Ride Hailing Service, 2019 165
14.4.8.3 Insights/Quotes on Autonomous driving by Japanese Automakers 166
14.4.8.4 Regulatory Overview 166
14.4.8.4.1 Connected vehicles 167
14.4.8.4.2 Car/ride sharing 168
14.4.8.5 Japan Robo-taxi Services Market 168
14.4.8.6 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 169
14.4.8.7 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 169
14.4.8.8 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 169
14.4.8.9 Japan Robo-taxi Market by Application 170
14.4.9 Singapore 170
14.4.9.1 Autonomous Vehicles trials in Singapore 171
14.4.9.2 Regulatory Overview 172
14.4.9.2.1 Trial Operations and New Legal Framework 172
14.4.9.3 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 173
14.4.9.4 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 174
14.4.9.5 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 174
14.4.9.6 Singapore Robo-taxi Market by Application 174
14.5 Rest of World Market Insight 175
14.5.1 Transforming Dubai to Autonomous Mode of Transportation by 2030 175
14.5.2 Key Facts on Driverless Vehicle in Brazil 176
14.5.2.1 ROW Robo-taxi Services Market 176
14.5.2.2 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Level of Autonomy 177
14.5.2.3 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Propulsion 177
14.5.2.4 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Vehicle Type 177
14.5.2.5 ROW Robo-taxi Market by Application 178
15. KEY PLAYERS INITIATIVES FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE AND ROBO-TAXI 179
15.1 Key Players Collaborations, Partnerships and Future Plans 179
15.1.1 General Motors Rumours of Self-Driving by 2018 179
15.1.2 Ford True Self-Driving by 2021 179
15.1.3 Honda Self-Driving on the Highway by 2020 179
15.1.4 Toyota Self-Driving on the Highway by 2020 180
15.1.5 Renault-Nissan 2020 for Autonomous Cars in Urban Conditions, 2025 for Truly Driverless Cars 180
15.1.6 Volvo Self-Driving on the Highway by 2021 180
15.1.7 Hyundai Highway 2020, Urban Driving 2030 180
15.1.8 Daimler Nearly Fully Autonomous by Early 2020's 181
15.1.9 Fiat-Chrysler expects there self-driving cars on the road by 2021 181
15.1.10 BMW
Waymo
Daimler AG
GM Cruise LLC
Volvo Cars
Nissan Motor Corporation
Tesla Inc.
Hyundai Motor Corporation
Toyota Motor Corporation
Volkswagen
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW)