Rotavator is a tractor-drawn implement which is mainly used for seed bed preparation within one or two passes and is suitable in removing & mixing residual of maize, wheat, sugarcane etc., thereby, helps to improve soil health and save fuel, cost, time & energy as well.
We aims to provide a complete knowledgeable report so that the readers will benefit from it. The report is properly examined and compiled by industry experts and will shed light on the key information that requires from the clients.
Case numbers are resurging in parts of the world where the COVID-19 pandemic was waning, falling in places that saw huge surges recently, and just beginning to rise in previously little-impacted parts of the globe.
Studying and analyzing the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Rotavator industry, the report provide in-depth analysis and professtional advices on how to face the post COIVD-19 period.
Market Segment by Product Type
Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed
Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed
Others
Market Segment by Product Application
Agriculture
Others
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading company.
Avtar Mechanical Works
Lotey Manufacturing Company
Maschio Gaspardo
BS Agriculture Works
Kranti Agro Engineering Co.
Moga Agriculture Works
Preet Agro Industries
Wecan Global Ltd
Pair Agroking
Harsons Venture Pvt
Bir Singh&Sons
Deccan Farm Equipment
Kongskilde
Sunup Agro
TG Aggar&Co.
Insights and Tools:
Projected and forecast revenue values are in constant U.S. dollars, unadjusted for inflation.
Product values and regional markets are estimated by market analyst, data analyst and people from related industry, based on companys' revenue and applications market respectively.
The data sources include but not limited to reports of companys,international organizations and governments, MMI market surveys,and related industry news.
Analyses of global market trends, with historical data, estimates for 2022 and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
The market research includes historical and forecast data from like demand, application details, price trends, and company shares by geography, especially focuses on the key regions like United States, European Union, China, and other regions.
In addition, the report provides insight into main drivers,challenges,opportunities and risk of the market and strategies of suppliers. Key players are profiled as well with their market shares in the global market discussed.
Research Objectives
1.To study and analyze the global Rotavator consumption (value) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2017 to 2021, and forecast to 2027.
2.To understand the structure of Rotavator market by identifying its various subsegments.
3.Focuses on the key global Rotavator manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the value, market share, market competition landscape, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
4.To analyze the Rotavator with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
5.To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
6.To project the consumption of Rotavator submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
7.To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
8.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
Table of Contents
Global Rotavator Market Research Report 2022, Forecast to 2027
1 Market Study Overview
1.1 Study Objectives
1.2 Rotavator Introduce
1.3 Combined with the Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.4 Brief Description of Research methods
1.5 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2 Global Trend Summary
2.1 Rotavator Segment by Type
2.1.1 Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed
2.1.2 Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed
2.1.3 Others
2.2 Market Analysis by Application
2.2.1 Agriculture
2.2.2 Others
2.3 Global Rotavator Market Comparison by Regions (2017-2027)
2.3.1 Global Rotavator Market Size (2017-2027)
2.3.2 North America Rotavator Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.3 Europe Rotavator Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.4 China Rotavator Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.5 Japan Rotavator Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.3.6 Southeast Asia Rotavator Status and Prospect (2017-2027)
2.4 Basic Product Information
2.4.1 Basic Product Information & Technology Development History
2.4.2 Product Manufacturing Process
2.4.3 Interview with Major Market Participants
2.4.4 High-end Market Analysis and Forecast
2.5 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Rotavator Industry Impact
2.5.1 Rotavator Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
2.5.2 Market Trends and Rotavator Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
2.5.3 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
3 Competition by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Rotavator Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Rotavator Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Rotavator Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4 Top 5 Rotavator Manufacturer Market Share
3.5 Top 10 Rotavator Manufacturer Market Share
3.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Rotavator Market
3.7 Key Manufacturers Rotavator Key Manufacturers
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
4 Analysis of Rotavator Industry Key Manufacturers
4.1 Avtar Mechanical Works
4.1.1 Compan Detail
4.1.2 Avtar Mechanical Works Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.1.3 Avtar Mechanical Works 162 Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.1.4 Main Business Overview
4.1.5 Avtar Mechanical Works News
4.2 Lotey Manufacturing Company
4.2.1 Compan Detail
4.2.2 Lotey Manufacturing Company Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.2.3 Lotey Manufacturing Company Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.2.4 Main Business Overview
4.2.5 Avtar Mechanical Works News
4.3 Maschio Gaspardo
4.3.1 Compan Detail
4.3.2 Maschio Gaspardo Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.3.3 Maschio Gaspardo Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.3.4 Main Business Overview
4.3.5 Maschio Gaspardo News
4.4 BS Agriculture Works
4.4.1 Compan Detail
4.4.2 BS Agriculture Works Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.4.3 BS Agriculture Works Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.4.4 Main Business Overview
4.4.5 BS Agriculture Works News
4.5 Kranti Agro Engineering Co.
4.5.1 Compan Detail
4.5.2 BS Agriculture Works Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.5.3 Kranti Agro Engineering Co. Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.5.4 Main Business Overview
4.5.5 Kranti Agro Engineering Co. News
4.6 Moga Agriculture Works
4.6.1 Compan Detail
4.6.2 Moga Agriculture Works Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.6.3 Moga Agriculture Works Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.6.4 Main Business Overview
4.6.5 Moga Agriculture Works News
4.7 Preet Agro Industries
4.7.1 Compan Detail
4.7.2 Preet Agro Industries Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.7.3 Preet Agro Industries Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.7.4 Main Business Overview
4.8 Wecan Global Ltd
4.8.1 Compan Detail
4.8.2 Wecan Global Ltd Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.8.3 Wecan Global Ltd Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.8.4 Main Business Overview
4.8.5 Wecan Global Ltd News
4.9 Pair Agroking
4.9.1 Compan Detail
4.9.2 Pair Agroking Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.9.3 Pair Agroking Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.9.4 Main Business Overview
4.9.5 Pair Agroking News
4.10 Harsons Venture Pvt
4.10.1 Compan Detail
4.10.2 Harsons Venture Pvt Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.10.3 Harsons Venture Pvt Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.10.4 Main Business Overview
4.10.5 Harsons Venture Pvt News
4.11 Bir Singh&Sons
4.11.1 Compan Detail
4.11.2 Bir Singh&Sons Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.11.3 Bir Singh&Sons Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.11.4 Main Business Overview
4.11.5 Bir Singh&Sons News
4.12 Deccan Farm Equipment
4.12.1 Compan Detail
4.12.2 Deccan Farm Equipment Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.12.3 Deccan Farm Equipment Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.12.4 Main Business Overview
4.12.5 Deccan Farm Equipment News
4.13 Kongskilde
4.13.1 Company Details
4.13.2 Kongskilde Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.13.3 Kongskilde Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.13.4 Main Business Overview
4.13.5 Kongskilde News
4.14 Sunup Agro
4.14.1 Compan Detail
4.14.2 Sunup Agro Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.14.3 Sunup Agro Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.14.4 Main Business Overview
4.14.5 Sunup Agro News
4.15 TG Aggar&Co.
4.15.1 Compan Detail
4.15.2 TG Aggar&Co. Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
4.15.3 TG Aggar&Co. Rotavator Sales, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2017-2022)
4.15.4 Main Business Overview
4.15.5 TG Aggar&Co. News
5 Global Rotavator Market Segment by Big Type
5.1 Global Rotavator Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.1 Global Rotavator Sales and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.1.2 Global Rotavator Revenue and Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.2.1 Global Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.2.2 Global Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Price (2017-2022)
5.3 Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.3.1 Global Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.3.2 Global Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Price (2017-2022)
5.4 Others Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.4.1 Global Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
5.4.2 Global Others Price (2017-2022)
6 Global Rotavator Market Segment by Big Application
6.1 Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Agriculture Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
6.3 Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
7 Global Rotavator Forecast
7.1 Global Rotavator Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
7.2 Rotavator Market Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
7.2.1 North America Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.2 Europe Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.3 China Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.4 Japan Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.5 Southeast Asia Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.2.6 Other Regions Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
7.3 Rotavator Market Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.1 Global Rotavator Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.3.2 Global Rotavator Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
7.4 Rotavator Market Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.1 Global Rotavator Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
7.4.2 Global Rotavator Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
8 Market Analysis
8.1.1 Market Overview
8.1.2 Market Opportunities
8.1.3 Market Risk
8.1.4 Market Driving Force
8.1.5 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
8.1.6 SWOT Analysis
9 Rotavator Related Market Analysis
9.1 Upstream Analysis
9.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
9.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
9.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
9.1.4 Rotavator Manufacturing Cost Analysis
9.2 Downstream Market Analysis
9.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
9.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
9.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
9.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture Rotavator
Figure Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Rotavator
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Part of Our External Database
Figure Key Executives Interviewed
Table Global Rotavator Market Size by Big Type
Figure Global Market Share of Rotavator by Big Type in 2021
Figure Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Picture (2017-2022)
Figure Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Picture (2017-2022)
Global Rotavator Market Size by Big Application
Table Global Rotavator Market Size by Application
Figure Global Rotavator Market Share by Big Application in 2021
Figure Agriculture Picture
Figure Others Picture
Table Global Rotavator Comparison by Regions (M USD) ?2017-2027?
Figure Global Rotavator Market Size (Million US$) (2017-2027)
Figure North America Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Europe Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure China Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Japan Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2017-2027)
Table Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
Table Market Trends and Rotavator Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
Table Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
Table Global Rotavator Sales by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Rotavator Revenue by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Table Global Rotavator Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 Rotavator Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure Top 10 Rotavator Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Rotavator Market
Table Key Manufacturers Rotavator Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table Avtar Mechanical Works Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Avtar Mechanical Works
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company One 2017-2022
Table Company One Main Business
Table Company One Recent Development
Table Lotey Manufacturing Company Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Lotey Manufacturing Company
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Lotey Manufacturing Company Recent Development
Table Maschio Gaspardo Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Maschio Gaspardo
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Maschio Gaspardo Main Business
Table Maschio Gaspardo Recent Development
Table BS Agriculture Works Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of BS Agriculture Works
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table BS Agriculture Works Main Business
Table BS Agriculture Works Recent Development
Table BS Agriculture Works Main Business
Table BS Agriculture Works Recent Development
Table Kranti Agro Engineering Co. Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Kranti Agro Engineering Co.
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Kranti Agro Engineering Co. Main Business
Table Kranti Agro Engineering Co. Recent Development
Table Moga Agriculture Works Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Moga Agriculture Works
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Moga Agriculture Works Main Business
Table Moga Agriculture Works Recent Development
Table Preet Agro Industries Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Preet Agro Industries
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Preet Agro Industries Main Business
Table Preet Agro Industries Recent Development
Table Wecan Global Ltd Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Wecan Global Ltd
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Wecan Global Ltd Main Business
Table Wecan Global Ltd Recent Development
Table Pair Agroking Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Pair Agroking
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Pair Agroking Main Business
Table Pair Agroking Recent Development
Table Harsons Venture Pvt Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Harsons Venture Pvt
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Harsons Venture Pvt Main Business
Table Harsons Venture Pvt Recent Development
Table Bir Singh&Sons Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Bir Singh&Sons
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Bir Singh&Sons Main Business
Table Bir Singh&Sons Recent Development
Table Deccan Farm Equipment Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Deccan Farm Equipment
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Deccan Farm Equipment Main Business
Table Deccan Farm Equipment Recent Development
Table Kongskilde Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Kongskilde
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Kongskilde Main Business
Table Kongskilde Recent Development
Table Sunup Agro Company Profile
Table Rotavator Product Introduction, Application and Specification of Sunup Agro
Table Rotavator Sales (K Unit), Price (USD/Unit), Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Company Two 2017-2022
Table Sunup Agro Main Business
Table Sunup Agro Recent Development
Figure Global Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Sales by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Regions in 2021
Table Global Rotavator Revenue by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure North America Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure China Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Other Regions Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Sales by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Table Global Rotavator Revenue by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Revenue Market Share by Big Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Revenue Market Share by Big Type in 2019
Figure Global Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Agricultural Rotavator Multi Speed Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Agricultural Rotavator Single Speed Price (2017-2022)
Figure Global Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Sales by Big Application (2017-2022)
Table Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Big Application (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Sales Market Share by Big Application in 2019
Figure Global Agriculture Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Others Sales Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure Global Rotavator Sales and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Figure Global Rotavator Revenue and Growth Rate (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Sales Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Market Share Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
Figure North America Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Europe Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure China Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Japan Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure Other Regions Sales Rotavator Market Forecast (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Global Rotavator Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
Table Key Players in Upstream Markets
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Rotavator
Table Macro Analysis of Down Markets
Table Key Players in Down Markets
Table Key Players of Downstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Figure North America Rotavator Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure North America Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Rotavator Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Europe Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Rotavator Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Japan Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Rotavator Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure China Rotavator Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2025)
Figure Methodology/Research Approach
Figure Market Size Estimation
Figure Author List
Avtar Mechanical Works
Lotey Manufacturing Company
Maschio Gaspardo
BS Agriculture Works
Kranti Agro Engineering Co.
Moga Agriculture Works
Preet Agro Industries
Wecan Global Ltd
Pair Agroking
Harsons Venture Pvt
Bir Singh&Sons
Deccan Farm Equipment
Kongskilde