Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene.
The Hydroquinone industry can be broken down into several segments, Industrial Grade Hydroquinone, High Purity Hydroquinone, etc.
Across the world, the major players cover Solvay, Mitsui Chemicals, Eastman, Jiangsu Sanjili Chemical Co., Ltd., UBE Group, Camlin Fine Chemicals, Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology, Yancheng Fengyang Chemical Co., Ltd, etc.
This report contains market size and forecasts of Hydroquinone in global, including the following market information:
Global Hydroquinone Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)
Global Hydroquinone Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (MT)
Global top five Hydroquinone companies in 2021 (%)
The global Hydroquinone market was valued at US$ 545.8 million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 591.6 million by 2028, at a CAGR of 1.2% during the forecast period 2022-2028.
Global key players of hydroquinone include Solvay, Mitsui Chemicals, Eastman, Jiangsu Sanjili Chemical Co., Ltd and UBE group, etc. Top 3 players occupy for a share about 65%. China is the largest market, with a share about 36%, followed by Europe and India. In terms of product, industrial grade hydroquinone is the largest segment, with a share over 80%. In terms of application, rubber auxiliaries is the largest market, with a share over 30%.
Publisher has surveyed the Hydroquinone manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Hydroquinone Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global Hydroquinone Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
Industrial Grade Hydroquinone
High Purity Hydroquinone
Global Hydroquinone Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global Hydroquinone Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
Rubber Auxiliaries
Polymer Inhibitor
Photo (Developer)
Dyes and Pigments
Other
Global Hydroquinone Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)
Global Hydroquinone Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Hydroquinone revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Hydroquinone revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)
Key companies Hydroquinone sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (MT)
Key companies Hydroquinone sales share in global market, 2021 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Solvay
Eastman
Mitsui Chemicals
UBE
Camlin Fine Chemicals
YanCheng FengYang Chemical
Jiangsu Sanjili
Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Hydroquinone Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Hydroquinone Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Hydroquinone Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Hydroquinone Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Hydroquinone Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Hydroquinone Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Hydroquinone Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Hydroquinone Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Hydroquinone Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Hydroquinone Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Hydroquinone Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Hydroquinone Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Hydroquinone Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Hydroquinone Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Hydroquinone Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Hydroquinone Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Industrial Grade Hydroquinone
4.1.3 High Purity Hydroquinone
4.2 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Hydroquinone Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Rubber Auxiliaries
5.1.3 Polymer Inhibitor
5.1.4 Photo (Developer)
5.1.5 Dyes and Pigments
5.1.6 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Hydroquinone Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Hydroquinone Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Solvay
7.1.1 Solvay Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Solvay Business Overview
7.1.3 Solvay Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Solvay Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Solvay Key News
7.2 Eastman
7.2.1 Eastman Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Eastman Business Overview
7.2.3 Eastman Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Eastman Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Eastman Key News
7.3 Mitsui Chemicals
7.3.1 Mitsui Chemicals Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Mitsui Chemicals Business Overview
7.3.3 Mitsui Chemicals Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Mitsui Chemicals Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 Mitsui Chemicals Key News
7.4 UBE
7.4.1 UBE Corporate Summary
7.4.2 UBE Business Overview
7.4.3 UBE Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 UBE Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 UBE Key News
7.5 Camlin Fine Chemicals
7.5.1 Camlin Fine Chemicals Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Camlin Fine Chemicals Business Overview
7.5.3 Camlin Fine Chemicals Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Camlin Fine Chemicals Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Camlin Fine Chemicals Key News
7.6 YanCheng FengYang Chemical
7.6.1 YanCheng FengYang Chemical Corporate Summary
7.6.2 YanCheng FengYang Chemical Business Overview
7.6.3 YanCheng FengYang Chemical Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 YanCheng FengYang Chemical Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 YanCheng FengYang Chemical Key News
7.7 Jiangsu Sanjili
7.7.1 Jiangsu Sanjili Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Jiangsu Sanjili Business Overview
7.7.3 Jiangsu Sanjili Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Jiangsu Sanjili Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Jiangsu Sanjili Key News
7.8 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology
7.8.1 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Business Overview
7.8.3 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Hydroquinone Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Hydroquinone Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Key News
8 Global Hydroquinone Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Hydroquinone Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Hydroquinone Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Hydroquinone Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Hydroquinone Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Hydroquinone Industry Value Chain
10.2 Hydroquinone Upstream Market
10.3 Hydroquinone Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Hydroquinone Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Hydroquinone in Global Market
Table 2. Top Hydroquinone Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Hydroquinone Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Hydroquinone Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Hydroquinone Sales by Companies, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Hydroquinone Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Hydroquinone Price (2017-2022) & (US$/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Hydroquinone Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Hydroquinone Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Hydroquinone Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Solvay Corporate Summary
Table 47. Solvay Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 48. Solvay Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Eastman Corporate Summary
Table 50. Eastman Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 51. Eastman Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Mitsui Chemicals Corporate Summary
Table 53. Mitsui Chemicals Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 54. Mitsui Chemicals Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. UBE Corporate Summary
Table 56. UBE Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 57. UBE Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Camlin Fine Chemicals Corporate Summary
Table 59. Camlin Fine Chemicals Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 60. Camlin Fine Chemicals Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 61. YanCheng FengYang Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 62. YanCheng FengYang Chemical Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 63. YanCheng FengYang Chemical Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Jiangsu Sanjili Corporate Summary
Table 65. Jiangsu Sanjili Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 66. Jiangsu Sanjili Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Corporate Summary
Table 68. Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Hydroquinone Product Offerings
Table 69. Hubei Kaiyuan Chemicals & Technology Hydroquinone Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Hydroquinone Production Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (MT)
Table 71. Global Hydroquinone Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 72. Global Hydroquinone Production by Region, 2017-2022 (MT)
Table 73. Global Hydroquinone Production by Region, 2023-2028 (MT)
Table 74. Hydroquinone Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. Hydroquinone Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. Hydroquinone Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. Hydroquinone Raw Materials
Table 78. Hydroquinone Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical Hydroquinone Downstream
Table 80. Hydroquinone Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. Hydroquinone Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Hydroquinone Segment by Type
Figure 2. Hydroquinone Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Hydroquinone Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Hydroquinone Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Hydroquinone Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Hydroquinone Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Hydroquinone Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Hydroquinone Price (US$/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Hydroquinone Price (US$/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Hydroquinone Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Hydroquinone Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Hydroquinone Production Capacity (MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Hydroquinone by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Hydroquinone Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels