This report contains market size and forecasts of Laser Photomask in global, including the following market information:
Global Laser Photomask Market Revenue, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, ($ millions)
Global Laser Photomask Market Sales, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, (K Units)
Global top five Laser Photomask companies in 2020 (%)
The global Laser Photomask market was valued at xx million in 2020 and is projected to reach US$ xx million by 2027, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
Publisher has surveyed the Laser Photomask manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Laser Photomask Market, By Type, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Laser Photomask Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2020 (%)
Reticles
Type II
Global Laser Photomask Market, By Application, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Laser Photomask Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2020 (%)
Chip
LCD
PCB
Global Laser Photomask Market, By Region and Country, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Laser Photomask Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2020 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Laser Photomask revenues in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Laser Photomask revenues share in global market, 2020 (%)
Key companies Laser Photomask sales in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Laser Photomask sales share in global market, 2020 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Applied Materials
KLA-Tencor Corporation
Photronics
Lasertec Corporation
Nippon Filcon
Hoya Corporation
LG Innotek
Toppan Printing
SK-Electronics
Taiwan Mask Corporation
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Laser Photomask Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Laser Photomask Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Laser Photomask Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Laser Photomask Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 Global Laser Photomask Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 Global Laser Photomask Sales (Consumption): 2016-2027
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Laser Photomask Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Laser Photomask Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Laser Photomask Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Laser Photomask Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Laser Photomask Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Laser Photomask Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Global Manufacturers Laser Photomask Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Laser Photomask Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Laser Photomask Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Laser Photomask Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
4.1.2 Reticles
4.1.3
4.2 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2021
4.2.2 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2022-2027
4.2.3 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2021
4.3.2 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2022-2027
4.3.3 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - Global Laser Photomask Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Market Size, 2021 & 2027
5.1.2 Chip
5.1.3 LCD
5.1.4 PCB
5.2 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2021
5.2.2 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2022-2027
5.2.3 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2021
5.3.2 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2022-2027
5.3.3 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - Global Laser Photomask Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Market Size, 2021 & 2027
6.2 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2021
6.2.2 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2022-2027
6.2.3 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
6.3 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2021
6.3.2 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales, 2022-2027
6.3.3 By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027
6.4.2 By Country - North America Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2027
6.4.3 US Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.4.4 Canada Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.4.5 Mexico Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2027
6.5.3 Germany Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.4 France Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.5 U.K. Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.6 Italy Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.7 Russia Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5.9 Benelux Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2027
6.6.3 China Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6.4 Japan Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6.5 South Korea Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6.7 India Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027
6.7.2 By Country - South America Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2027
6.7.3 Brazil Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.7.4 Argentina Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Sales, 2016-2027
6.8.3 Turkey Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8.4 Israel Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8.6 UAE Laser Photomask Market Size, 2016-2027
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Applied Materials
7.1.1 Applied Materials Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Applied Materials Business Overview
7.1.3 Applied Materials Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Applied Materials Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.1.5 Applied Materials Key News
7.2 KLA-Tencor Corporation
7.2.1 KLA-Tencor Corporation Corporate Summary
7.2.2 KLA-Tencor Corporation Business Overview
7.2.3 KLA-Tencor Corporation Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 KLA-Tencor Corporation Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.2.5 KLA-Tencor Corporation Key News
7.3 Photronics
7.3.1 Photronics Corporate Summary
7.3.2 Photronics Business Overview
7.3.3 Photronics Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Photronics Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.3.5 Photronics Key News
7.4 Lasertec Corporation
7.4.1 Lasertec Corporation Corporate Summary
7.4.2 Lasertec Corporation Business Overview
7.4.3 Lasertec Corporation Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Lasertec Corporation Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.4.5 Lasertec Corporation Key News
7.5 Nippon Filcon
7.5.1 Nippon Filcon Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Nippon Filcon Business Overview
7.5.3 Nippon Filcon Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Nippon Filcon Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.5.5 Nippon Filcon Key News
7.6 Hoya Corporation
7.6.1 Hoya Corporation Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Hoya Corporation Business Overview
7.6.3 Hoya Corporation Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Hoya Corporation Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.6.5 Hoya Corporation Key News
7.7 LG Innotek
7.7.1 LG Innotek Corporate Summary
7.7.2 LG Innotek Business Overview
7.7.3 LG Innotek Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 LG Innotek Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.7.5 LG Innotek Key News
7.8 Toppan Printing
7.8.1 Toppan Printing Corporate Summary
7.8.2 Toppan Printing Business Overview
7.8.3 Toppan Printing Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Toppan Printing Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.8.5 Toppan Printing Key News
7.9 SK-Electronics
7.9.1 SK-Electronics Corporate Summary
7.9.2 SK-Electronics Business Overview
7.9.3 SK-Electronics Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 SK-Electronics Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.9.5 SK-Electronics Key News
7.10 Taiwan Mask Corporation
7.10.1 Taiwan Mask Corporation Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Taiwan Mask Corporation Business Overview
7.10.3 Taiwan Mask Corporation Laser Photomask Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Taiwan Mask Corporation Laser Photomask Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
7.10.5 Taiwan Mask Corporation Key News
8 Global Laser Photomask Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Laser Photomask Production Capacity, 2016-2027
8.2 Laser Photomask Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Laser Photomask Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Laser Photomask Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Laser Photomask Industry Value Chain
10.2 Laser Photomask Upstream Market
10.3 Laser Photomask Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Laser Photomask Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Laser Photomask in Global Market
Table 2. Top Laser Photomask Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. Global Laser Photomask Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. Global Laser Photomask Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. Global Laser Photomask Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 6. Global Laser Photomask Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Laser Photomask Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Laser Photomask Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Laser Photomask Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Laser Photomask Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 12. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 13. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 14. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 17. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 18. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 19. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 22. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 23. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 24. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 25. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 26. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 27. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 28. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 29. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 30. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 31. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 32. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 33. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 34. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 35. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 36. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 37. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 38. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 39. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 40. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 41. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 46. Applied Materials Corporate Summary
Table 47. Applied Materials Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 48. Applied Materials Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 49. KLA-Tencor Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 50. KLA-Tencor Corporation Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 51. KLA-Tencor Corporation Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 52. Photronics Corporate Summary
Table 53. Photronics Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 54. Photronics Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 55. Lasertec Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 56. Lasertec Corporation Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 57. Lasertec Corporation Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 58. Nippon Filcon Corporate Summary
Table 59. Nippon Filcon Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 60. Nippon Filcon Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Hoya Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 62. Hoya Corporation Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 63. Hoya Corporation Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 64. LG Innotek Corporate Summary
Table 65. LG Innotek Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 66. LG Innotek Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 67. Toppan Printing Corporate Summary
Table 68. Toppan Printing Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 69. Toppan Printing Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 70. SK-Electronics Corporate Summary
Table 71. SK-Electronics Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 72. SK-Electronics Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 73. Taiwan Mask Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 74. Taiwan Mask Corporation Laser Photomask Product Offerings
Table 75. Taiwan Mask Corporation Laser Photomask Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 76. Laser Photomask Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2019-2021 (K Units)
Table 77. Global Laser Photomask Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 78. Global Laser Photomask Production by Region, 2016-2021 (K Units)
Table 79. Global Laser Photomask Production by Region, 2022-2027 (K Units)
Table 80. Laser Photomask Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 81. Laser Photomask Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 82. Laser Photomask Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 83. Laser Photomask Raw Materials
Table 84. Laser Photomask Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 85. Typical Laser Photomask Downstream
Table 86. Laser Photomask Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 87. Laser Photomask Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Laser Photomask Segment by Type
Figure 2. Laser Photomask Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Laser Photomask Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Laser Photomask Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Laser Photomask Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Laser Photomask Sales in Global Market: 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Laser Photomask Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 10. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 11. By Type - Global Laser Photomask Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 12. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 13. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Application - Global Laser Photomask Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 16. By Region - Global Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 17. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 18. By Country - North America Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 19. US Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 20. Canada Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 21. Mexico Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 24. Germany Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 25. France Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 26. U.K. Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 27. Italy Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 28. Russia Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 30. Benelux Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 33. China Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 34. Japan Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 35. South Korea Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 37. India Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 38. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 39. By Country - South America Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 40. Brazil Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 41. Argentina Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Laser Photomask Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 44. Turkey Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 45. Israel Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 47. UAE Laser Photomask Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 48. Global Laser Photomask Production Capacity (K Units), 2016-2027
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Laser Photomask by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Laser Photomask Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels
Applied Materials
KLA-Tencor Corporation
Photronics
Lasertec Corporation
Nippon Filcon
Hoya Corporation
LG Innotek
Toppan Printing
SK-Electronics
Taiwan Mask Corporation